week 5 communities and biomes Flashcards
communities
species coincide in the same place at the same time
spatial patterns
where are these communities found, where are they found globally?
hypothetical community Patterns
distinct communities (gleans view)
Whittakers study
Oregon and arizona
temporal changes
fluctuation
succession
geologic time
biomes
major type of natural vegetation occurs whenever a particular set of climatic and soil conditions prevail, may contain different ataxia in different regions
Tropical rainforest (warm and wet)
found in northern South America, central Africa, Southeast Asia (equitorially) straddle the equator
rains everyday, significant rainfall every month
multiple layers of trees in the forest (sporadic emergence)
Climbers
climbers - plants that are rooted in the ground that are using tree trunks as their main support does not have to build their own structural system
epiphytes
plants that are entirely living on other plants
temperate mixed forest
middle condition
boreal forest
found farther north
tropical seasonal forests
very distinct dry period and very distinct white period
no frost/freezing
relatively warm temperatures
tropical savanna
South America, Brazil, Africa, central Australia
more extreme dry conditions
lots of grazer animals (zebras, rhinos,giraffes)
fairly low vegetation
desert
further north or further sound 30 degrees north or south
significant drought for most of the year
20 cm of rain - annual total
plant adaptions : typical don’t have leaves, grow very slowly
chaparral
found in coastal areas , west
other names in California” chaparral” , Australia “Kieth”, South Africa “fun boss” , mediterranean “maquis”
climate ; mediterranean climate - winter wet, summer dry climate
structures ; shrubs 1-3 meters tall
fire prone environments
fire suppression
dominant policy
idea was to protect resources
montane and coastal conifer forest
where ? pacific coast, mountains in California and Rocky Mountains
disturbance ; typically in Rocky Mountains, fire is a large disturbance, frequent wind storms (blow down trees)
montane and coastal conifer forest structures
relatively simple
trees are tall and pointy
sun angle quite low, hits side of tree more directly
fire prone forestst
can reproduce and regenerate after fire
aspen trees regenerate by resprouting form roots in the ground
Fire 1905
forest management agencies put in place a fire policy to protect economic = c resource of forest
dominate policy
supressed/put out fires
late 70s
policy has a detrimental effect on forests, forest ecologists explained that it soon would lead to massive fires that would get out of control
80s let it burn policy
allowing lightning strike fires to re engage with forests
1988
a fire took place that burned through a national park, problematic, many people advocated to change of policy
1990
new policy, more controlled
prescribed burn policy was developed to re introduce fire to forests, starting fires under controlled conditions under cool conditions
this policy is stallion place.
alpine tundra (colorado)
treeless vegetation zone, found on the tops of most mountain ranges
mountain pine beetle (bc)
native beetle taht consumes sap underneath bark of serval pine specie causing trees to die, older trees more susceptible to outbreaks, needles turn orange as trees die then eventually fall off, makes forest more susceptible to forest fires
spruce budworm (Oregon)
consumes buds of trees and kills them, older trees more susceptible large outbreaks that occur
temperate rainforests
separated form other forests, found in areas that re wet, not warm areas, areas that have very continuous growth through the year
ladder effect
suppression of fire has lead to smaller trees growing above enormous trees , leads to latter effect, when there is a fire it can ladder up the smaller trees creating a pathway for fire to reach up to the large trees
