week 3 species distribution

Question 1

factors affecting distribution

Answer 1

colonization expansion of species into new areas
extinction
range - balance between colonization and extinction
Time - ecological time seconds, minutes months
evolutionary time - millions of years

Question 2

ecological factors

Answer 2

Environmental conditions (abiotic)
organism interaction (biotic)
ecological niche
- requiremnets
- multidimensional
- fundamental vs realized niches

Question 3

abiotic plant environments

Answer 3

what do plants need?
photosynthesis
- light
- co2 - stomata
- h20 - transpiration
- soil nutrients
respiration

Question 4

Abiotic factors limiting distributions Moisture

Answer 4

Most important factor
soil water
- capillary water - film of water attached to particles (just right)
- Hygroscopic water - super thin film of water molecule attached to the outside of soil particles (too little)
- Gravitational water - super thick film of water molecules attached to the outside of soil particles ( too much)

Question 5

too much water

Answer 5

Mangroves - type of plant found on shoreline of tropical oceans
root knees
lentils
pandas root knees

Question 6

too little water

Answer 6

do not photosynthesis on leaves
takes place on base/stems
leaf pubescence - develop a thin layer of hair that blocks sunlight and reduces photosynthesis

Question 7

too little water - sclerophyll leaves

Answer 7

leaves that are small
thicker loose less moisture
extensive root net workd
- tap roots - very deep roots
fibrous roots - roots going everywhere (dense)

Question 8

soil nutrients

Answer 8

plant nutrients
macro nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium,calcium,magnesium, sulfur( plants need a lot of it)
iron, zinc,copper,manganese (bad for plants if they have too much)
cations - positively charged elements ( plants want and need)
cation exchange plants give out hydrogen and get back nutrients
high ph and high sec is good for growing crops

Question 9

light

Answer 9

photosynthesis
- the more light the more photosynthesis
- sunlight controls transpiration
shade tolerat vs shade intolerant pine trees
differences over small distances

Question 10

atmospheric gases

Answer 10

co2 - we have been causing c02 levels to go up significantly
anthropogenic release
fertilization experiments (FACE - Free -air-co2 enrichment)
o2 pretty consistent
pollutants

Question 11

temperature

Answer 11

very important
passive temperature control - photosynthesis has a higher rate in warmer conditions
cold adaptions - in cold environments there is a very short vegetation

Question 12

Heliotropism

Answer 12

way of tracking the sun (leaves stay open to sun to keep warm)

Question 13

cleciduoudness

Answer 13

shedding leaves for a portion of the year ( getting ready for cold season)

Question 14

hot adaptions

Answer 14

photosynthetic pathways (c3,c4,cam)

Question 15

humidity

Answer 15

in areas with frequent fog, water droplets are deposited which created fog precipitation which supplies water source fo trees/plants

Question 16

wind

Answer 16

high winds increase transpiration rates
Krummholz wind - that constantly comes form the same direction and damages one Sid eof a plant

Question 17

fire

Answer 17

described by intensity and mri
intensity looks at heat of fire and how much it does
mri looks at how frequently a fire will come back to the same spot

Question 18

minor fires
crown fires
ground fires

Answer 18

minor fires - surface fires does not make its way very high above grassland
grown fires - consumes upper leaves and branches
ground fire - burns underground

Question 19

Adaptions

Answer 19

from scars on trees you can tell when the tree was burnt
survive or recolonize

Question 20

surviving fires

Answer 20

fire tolerant (killing trees) vs fire intolerant

surviving fires
- thick of fibrous bark
- resprout from stem
- resprout form lignotuber
growth bud location

Question 21

where are fires common?

Answer 21

Fuel (NPP)
flammability
not common in desert areas
moderate in rain forest because the have high fuel but lots of rain
areas that are dry = high flammability
areas that are wet = low flammability

Question 22

interaction of factors

Answer 22

gradual vs abrupt boundaries
environmental gradients
- sum of conditions
env change

Question 23

biotic interactions Neutralism

Answer 23

Two species interacting and not having impact on one another

Question 24

mutualism

Answer 24

both species benefit two types of mutualism obligatory and non obligatory
obligatory - mutualism is required (ex. pollination)
non obligatory - mutualism is nice but not required

Question 25

commensalism

Answer 25

benefit for one species only

Question 26

amensalism

Answer 26

harmful for one species
allopathy - addition of some sort if chemical to the environment

Question 27

parasitism;

Answer 27

one species benefits and one is negative

Question 28

3predation

Answer 28

leads to the death of the host ( one species benefits)

Question 29

Biotic effects

Answer 29

they can range form being lethal or beneficial
sometimes these interactions are general or sometimes they re very specific

Question 30

interference and coexistence among plant species - competition

Answer 30

use same resources
moist vs dry environments
plants re competing for different things

Question 31

size matters

Answer 31

all plants start small
small plants are more vulnerable when competing fo resources
solutions

Question 32

phonology

Answer 32

timing of life events for ex, when trees produce berries

Question 33

Alleopathy

Answer 33

addition of materials (chemical compounds) into the soil that will have an adverse effect on the competitor

Question 34

consequences of competition

Answer 34

restriction in range - boreal species , ex. along gradient

Question 35

how can competing species coexist / specialization

Answer 35

attacking resources differently

Question 36

special variation

Answer 36

when a tree falls over it will pull up its root plate and leave behind a pit

Question 37

temporal variation

Answer 37

plants will partition an area over time

Question 38

auto-inhibition

Answer 38

all competing for same resources so they start interfering with each other