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Neuroscience In Society > Week 5: CLimate Change, polarisation, dissonance > Flashcards

Week 5: CLimate Change, polarisation, dissonance Flashcards

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1
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

Dr said the _________ area was lighting up when believing something

A

V.Medial pre frontal region

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2
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

did they find that the pattern of brain activation between belief and disbelief was consistent between all beliefs or just certain beliefs?

A

it was consistent for all beliefs, factual ethical and religious

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3
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

What did they find when they studied the brain activation in god believing and non god believing people when asked about god

A

the brain activation was almost identical whether they believed in god or not.

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4
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

Did the people who they interviewed who believed in judgement day believe in it wholeheartedly from the beginning?

A

No they all seemed to have some initial doubt, and even not that interested. The belief grew in time.

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5
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

Dissonance is a _____ state

A

motivational state

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5
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

What is dissonance as uncomfotable as?

A

Hunger of thirst

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5
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

As the feeling of anxiety and dissonance rises people will….

A

try and find a way to reduce it and alleviate the anxiety

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6
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

When we do something that violates the self-concept that we have it, creates

A

cognitive dissonance

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7
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

what are the two options we have when confronted with information that goes against our self concept?

A

revise our view of ourselves, dismiss the evidence [path of least resistance]

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8
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

What’s the third way of dealing with cognitive dissonance as described in the movie?

A

I remain a good person, and the thing I did remains a bad thing, now how do I learn from this wrong, bad thing, so i don’t repeat it, but without it effecting my self concept

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9
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

Maurice’s tests, when he didn’t know what judgement day was, questions where he had difficulty - after the fact of judgement day not arriving - showed …

A

increased activity in areas related to internal conflict. also activity in frontal brain, introspection and thinking about our own thoughts.

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10
Q

Right Between Your Ears:

why is it so hard to say I was wrong?

A

it requires integrity courage and guts

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11
Q

Leon Festinger’s work led to the development of….

A

Cognitive dissonance theory

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12
Q

The feeling of believing is like….

A

the feeling of knowing.
having knowledge has a feeling attached to it.

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13
Q

What is the generic definition of belief?

A

anything that our brain decides to be true [ but depends on sub discipline and context]

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14
Q

What are two main components of belief?
and what is this consistent with in terms of research?

A

Reasoned Component
- evidence, explanation

+
Intuitive Component
- it feels right, it all fits

consistent with ‘dual-process theories of cognition’

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15
Q

What is the basic premise of dual process theory?

A

That our brain engages in at least two ways of thinking, intuitive and reasoned

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16
Q

What did this study find?

A
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17
Q

What are the three brain states shown here from the harris Sheth and Cohen 2008 study?

A
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18
Q

What well known state is the belief brain state similar to?

A
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19
Q

What brain belief [of 3] state appears to require more cognitive effort to override the default state and why do they think this?

A

Disbelief, because you seem to need to override and turn down the DMN

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20
Q

Who thought that disbelief requires an extra step of rejection and not just acceptance like in belief?

A

Spinoza

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21
Q

What were the results?

A
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22
Q

Can the correctness of beliefs be found in our brains an what study showed that?

A

NO.

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23
Q

What did these neuroimaging studies show?

A
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24
Q

What did the Howlett and paulus study show about different dimensions in the brain?

A
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25
Q

Explain Carol Tavris and Eliot Aronson’s analogy of the pyramid….

A
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26
Q
A
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27
Q

The current theory is that belief change is driven by……..explain….

A

dissonance reduction mechanisms.

one study found that rationalization and self-justification processes may be engaged very quickly after the initial decision.

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28
Q

What happened when the documentary makers went back in Oct 21st?

A

1/3 people had believed the new prediction, but remembered the failure of May 21 and were aware they could be wrong again, which differs from Festinger’s findings and is more in line with more modern theories. most people have a point in which they update their beliefs to be in line with reality.

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29
Q

What areas implicated in negative arousal were activated in studies on the induction of cognitive dissonance?

A

Anterior Insula

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30
Q

What are some of the reasons and sources of dissonance?

A
31
Q

What is another area that how been shown to be activated in several studies on the induction of dissonance implicated in conflict monitoring?

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

“ACC Acts Amid Arguments!”

32
Q

In dissonance reduction, once we’ve reasoned our way out of it, the ………… part of what system….. kicks in? What is this likened to?

A

Ventral Striatum

Reward system

pat on the back

“VS Victory: Reason, Reward, Rejoice!”

Here, “VS Victory” stands for Ventral Striatum’s role in overcoming dissonance, “Reason” represents the cognitive process you went through, “Reward” symbolizes the Ventral Striatum’s activation, and “Rejoice” serves as your mnemonic “pat on the back.”

33
Q

reduction of cognitive dissonance. Studies seem to show a negative arousal appears to be down regulated, which is decreased activity in….

A

the
Anterior Insula
and
Amygdala

34
Q

What is motivated reasoning?

A
35
Q

According to the Westen et al 2008 study, that could be useful to understanding polarisation in society, why are motivated judgements so difficult to change?

A

doubly reinforced

36
Q
A
37
Q
A
38
Q

When considering the results of these two studies, what further ideas might we have about people, disagreement and dissonance?

A
39
Q

Rollwage and Fleming 2018 found that having more radical beliefs is….

A

associated with impairment of metacognition

40
Q

What feeling is often associated with delusional beliefs?

A

absolute certainty

41
Q

Does telling people who are depressed that their negative beliefs are incorrect help to change them?

A

no. it does little to dislodge them.

42
Q

In what two disorders do people get stuck in unshakeable belief, but without certainty?

A

Depression and autism.
not the same as delusion.

43
Q

In patients with Parkinsons, taking their focus away from the trembling of limbs has what effect?

A

it can make it worse.

44
Q

What are the dimensions of the disagreement on climate change?

A
45
Q

How many people in the UK believed climate change was happening vs not happening in 2019?

A
46
Q

How many people in the UK believed climate change was man made versus natural in the 2019 poll?

A
47
Q

How did Kahan 2012 show that….

A
48
Q

What is Dual Process Theory in psychology?

A

Dual Process Theory in psychology provides an account of how thought can arise in two different ways or as a result of two different processes: an implicit (automatic), unconscious process, and an explicit (controlled), conscious process.

49
Q

What are the two types of processes in Dual Process Theory?

A

The two types of processes in Dual Process Theory are implicit (automatic), unconscious processes and explicit (controlled), conscious processes.

50
Q

How are verbalized explicit processes or attitudes likely to change? in dual process theory

A

Verbalized explicit processes or attitudes may change with persuasion or education.

51
Q

How are implicit processes or attitudes typically altered?

A

Implicit processes or attitudes usually take a long amount of time to change and often require the forming of new habits.

52
Q

How does Kahneman 2011 describe the two processes? in Dual process theory

A

fast and slow systems

53
Q

In dual process theory, what comes first, intuition or reasoning?

A
54
Q

According to dual process theory, intuition tells us something and then….

A

we look for reasons and evidence to prove ourselves right

55
Q

In social attribution, our brains automatically assign

A

intentions
emotions
character traits
to humans, animals, cartoons or even shapes….

56
Q

Heider and Simmel’s 1944 experiment shows the tendency to….

A

assign character

57
Q

This social perception seems to be related to….

A

movement patterns of the shapes.

58
Q

According to Heider and Simmel, the way we judge and make assumptions about other people starts with….

A

our intuitive and automatic thinking.

59
Q

.

A

.

60
Q

Our social attribution is triggered by awareness of an agenda and leads to….

A

suspicion

61
Q

According to social attribution theory when can it trigger us to feel bad?

A

when our core beliefs are triggered.

62
Q

What is one strategy that people employ to make themselves feel better when their core beliefs are challenged?

A

denigrate those that challenge us.

63
Q

In the pyramid analogy, people at the bottom see groups with strongly opposing views as ….

A

ignorant, stupid, crazy, or evil

64
Q

What triggers self persuasion and downward movement on the pyramid?

A

choices and difficult trade offs

65
Q

What is motivated reasoning?

A

Motivated reasoning is a form of implicit emotion regulation where the brain converges on judgments to minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives.

66
Q

How is motivated reasoning different from “cold” reasoning?

A

Motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from cold reasoning because people have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached in motivated reasoning.

67
Q

List the neural circuits associated with motivated reasoning.

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and lateral orbital cortex.

68
Q

True or False: Motivated reasoning engages neural circuits previously linked to cold reasoning tasks and conscious emotion regulation.

A

False

69
Q

Motivated reasoning is also described as a form of ____________ ____________ regulation.

A

Implicit emotion

70
Q

What other phenomena is motivated reasoning similar to, according to the findings?

A

Motivated reasoning is similar to phenomena described as implicit emotion regulation and psychological defense.

71
Q

What brain regions are associated with experiences of punishment, pain, and negative affect?

A

Left insula, lateral orbital frontal cortex, and VMPFC (Hamann, 2003; O’Doherty et al., 2001).

72
Q

What is the established role of the VMPFC in cognitive-affective interactions?

A

The role of the VMPFC is well-established in implicit appraisal and reappraisal of emotionally threatening information (Damasio, 1994).

73
Q

What other brain region may also play a role in affect regulation, besides VMPFC?

A

Left ventral lateral frontal cortex.

74
Q

What is observed when subjects are cognitively suppressing responses to negative emotional stimuli?

A

Activation of the lateral ventral PFC is observed, which is associated with decreased amygdala response (Anderson et al., 2004; Hariri et al., 2003; Ochsner et al., 2002).

75
Q

Fill in the blank: Previous studies observed activation of the lateral ventral PFC, which in turn was associated with __________ amygdala response.

A

Decreased.

76
Q

What brain regions are engaged in both religious and nonreligious thinking?

[The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious
Belief]

A

Frontal, parietal, and medial temporal lobes.

77
Q

Is the difference between belief and disbelief content-dependent or content-independent according to the study?

[The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious
Belief]

A

Content-independent.

Neuroscience In Society (7 decks)

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