Week 3 :NS in Education Flashcards
Mondt 2011 - bilingual students asked to judge correctness of equations. - children performing
the task in their school-language showed ——
activation than children who participated in
their home language in which areas…..
LESS
visuomotor occipitofrontal network in the left
hemisphere.
“Less Light in Left”
Arithmetic processing may be affected
by the_______ in which children are
addressed in school. Mondt
language
Masson et al. (2014)
When incorrect circuits were shown, experts activated several
regions associated with ________ – more than novices.
inhibition
Masson et al. (2014)
Training in science – particularly when concepts are counterintuitive – may require _______ in order to untrain the
brain to react in an automatic way.
extra attention
________ and
pruning continues in
the adolescent brain.
Myelination and
pruning continues in
the adolescent brain.
Researchers observed greater _________ activation
during a reading task that demanded phonological awareness.
right prefrontal
helper:
Activation of the right prefrontal cortex during tasks related to phonological awareness might seem counterintuitive, given that language processing is often associated with the left hemisphere in right-handed individuals. However, the right prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a range of cognitive functions, including working memory, attentional control, and executive functions. These cognitive functions are crucial in tasks requiring manipulation and analysis of linguistic information.
In the context of phonological awareness, the right prefrontal cortex could be engaged in the active manipulation and organization of phonological information. This could be particularly important when the tasks involve non-routine or novel linguistic challenges that require more extensive cognitive control or manipulation. For example, identifying and producing rhyming words or parsing a complicated sentence into its constituent phonemes would necessitate such executive involvement.
___________________(including arcuate
fasciculus) white-matter organisation significantly predicted
future reading gains in dyslexia.
Right superior longitudinal fasciculus
Children may come
to be regarded as
__________ as a
result of brain
scans.
‘unteachable’
Greater knowledge of how _________ in the brain can lead to a
reduction in the notion that intelligence and other intellectual capacities
are ‘fixed’ or stable.
plasticity works
There may be some reason to think that better
understandings of __________ can lead to the
replacement of neuromyths.
neuroscience
Basic research can
find its way into the
classroom through
influences on ________.
policy
A strong base in research grounded in ________ of researchers and
practitioners will lead to many major improvements in education. Evidence
will lead to better choices of ways to teach and to facilitate learning,
including specification of different learning pathways for different learners.
collaboration
Neuroscientists involved in
educational research:
Evidence is very
_________
almost a
________ concept
quantitative, statistical
Educational practitioners involved in
brain-based education:
Evidence has much
more to do with
_______ and
________.
interpretation, meaning
Education is about _________ to
improve educational outcomes.
enhancing learning
Better educational outcomes lead to
________ and higher ________.
better job prospects, salaries
Metacognition is a good predictor of _________
learning
performance.
Metacognition is defined most
simply as ___________.
‘thinking about thinking’.
Knowledge about:
- oneself as a _____
- the factors that might impact ______
- when and why to use _____
learner
performance
strategies
Metacognition, Regulation
- monitorings one’s _______
- planning ________
- awareness of one’s ______ and ________
- evaluation of the _____of monitoring processes and strategies
cognition
activities
comprehension + task performance
efficacy
Metacognition is also called ….
declarative, procedural and conditional knowledge.
________knowledge about oneself
as a learner and factors affecting
cognition.
‘Person’
______ knowledge, which includes
knowledge about the demands of
different tasks.
‘Task’
______knowledge, which is
knowledge about the types of
strategies likely to be most useful.
‘Strategy’
Impairments in metacognitive monitoring can be
observed in patients with __________ damage.
frontal lobe
The ________is involved in metacognition.
frontal cortex
Metacognitive skills cannot happen before
seven years of age.
Piaget or Whitebread?
Piaget
Children aged three to five years exhibit
both verbal and nonverbal metacognitive
behaviours during problem solving.
Piaget or Whitebread?
Whitebread
What came out of Whitebread’s research childhood/developmental metacognitive behaviours?
Children’s Independent Learning
Development (CHILD 3–5) checklist
Metacognition develops _______ into ________
across
the lifespan
adulthood.
van der Stel 2014
Pupils continue to apply
__________ metacognitive skills
alongside general cognitive skills
between the ages of 12 and 14
years, and at age 15 it becomes
_________.
domain-specific
general.
self-explanation and metacognition
General prompts encourage more ______
than domain-specific prompts.
self-sufficiency
Distributed practice effects…. over time typically benefits ________ more than does massing learning opportunities back-to-back or in relatively close succession.
Distributing learning over time… typically benefits long-term retention more than does massing learning opportunities back-to-back or in relatively close succession.
In massed learning, learners do not have to __________ to reread notes or retrieve something from memory when they have just completed this same activity - they may be _____________ of this second task and think they know the material better than they really do.
The second learning episode benefits from the ____________ of the first trace that has already happened.
In massed learning, learners do not have to work very hard to reread notes or retrieve something from memory when they have just completed this same activity - they may be misled by the ease of this
second task and think they know the material better than they really do. The second learning episode benefits from the consolidation of the first
trace that has already happened.
Some learning strategies may be perceived as _________, but the
purposeful application of such cognitive behaviour at the
appropriate moment results from __________
Some learning strategies may be perceived as cognitive, but the
purposeful application of such cognitive behaviour at the
appropriate moment results from metacognitive skilfulness.
Neuroeducation is _____
The enhancement of learning to
improve educational outcomes
Neuroscience methods demand ___________ and thus cannot provide useful data or
theories about classroom contexts.
Neuroscience methods demand highly artificial
contexts and thus cannot provide useful data or
theories about classroom contexts.
One goal of neuroscience is to
analyse cognition into elementary
functions and to identify __________ of those functions.
One goal of neuroscience is to
analyse cognition into elementary
functions and to identify neural
correlates of those functions.
The scalability of neuroscience methods
is a challenge due to ……
the high costs.
Social learning theory (Albert Bandura):
rules and …
- rules and behaviour are learned through observation and imitation
Behaviourism (John Watson):
conditioning through training explains…..
all of children’s learning and development
Who said this?
Watson
The didactic method is…
teacher-centered method of instruction in which teachers deliver and students receive lessons, best suited to brief delivery of factual information.
Cognitive:
Affective
Social:
Model of learning…
Neo-Piaget
Neo-Piagetian approaches
* peer collaboration
* discovery learning
model of learning
Neo-Vygotskian approaches
Neo-Vygotskian approaches
* apprenticeship
* peer tutoring
More specific neuroscientific research
- principally on….
- understanding how to address ……+……..
- moving beyond diagnosis to ……..
Dyscalculia affects….. and is…..
A specific, persistent difficulty in understanding numbers, associated with a
range of difficulties in mathematics that occurs across all ages and abilities.
Dyslexia is a….
Dyscalculia Dyslexia are ……… disorders……however they are often…..
specific, comorbid
5 things learning maths involves
Dyscalculia Symptoms include:
Typical symptoms include:
difficulty counting backwards.
difficulty remembering ‘basic’ facts.
slow to perform calculations.
weak mental arithmetic skills.
a poor sense of numbers & estimation.
Difficulty in understanding place value.
Addition is often the default operation.
High levels of mathematics anxiety.
Dyscalculia
Devine et al (2013): study of over 1,000 British primary school children.
were gender differences found?
No gender differences in developmental dyscalculia were found
Dyscalculia
Devine et al (2013): study of over 1,000 British primary school children
Differences in attainment
are, therefore, likely to
be explained by factors
such as:
Is there evidence for the effectiveness of computer games and educational interventions?
Mixed evidence overalll
Research has shown that there is ………… to learning two
languages, despite the other benefits.
Research has shown that there is no
cognitive advantage to learning two
languages, despite the other benefits.
Is there strong evidence for brain training apps?
evidence
for effectiveness is
mixed.
Green & Bavelier
(2008): some
evidence that action
games produce
improvements in ……..
in
spatial tasks (in
adults)
brain plasticity.
Neuromyths are based on assumptions that:
Walkerdine (2012):
differing language used to describe boys and girls
at the same level of mathematical ability:
what are some of the differences?
Advocates for educational neuroscience say
collaboration between neuroscientists and
teachers can assist training
* joint endeavours can address educational
problems
* Ansari & Coch (2006)$
Critics of educational neuroscience say
traditional behavioural methods are
cheaper and more appropriate
* deficit model of learning is too
simplistic for complicated classroom
environments and a rounded education
* few effective innovations have (yet)
been seen
* Bowers (2016)
