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NUR1112 > Week 5 Bioscience > Flashcards

Week 5 Bioscience Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord

A

The longitudinal cord of nerve tissue enclosed in the spinal canal. It serves not only as a pathway for nerve impulses to and from the brain, but also as a center for operating and coordinating reflex actions independent of the brain.

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2
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • Emerge from the vertebral column
  • Branch to form the peripheral nerves that innervate all parts of the body (except the head)
  • Are mixed nerves - contain the axons of sensory & motor (somatic & autonomic) neurons
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3
Q

dorsal roots

A

contains the axons of the sensory neurons

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4
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

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5
Q

ventral roots

A

contain the axons of motor neurons (somatic & autonomic)

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6
Q

Cervical

A

8 cervical nerves

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7
Q

Thoracic

A

12 thoracic nerves

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8
Q

Lumbar

A

5 lumbar nerves

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9
Q

Sacral

A

5 sacral nerves

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10
Q

Coccyx

A

1 coccygeal nerve

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11
Q

Protection of the Spinal Cord

A

The spinal cord is protected from mechanical forces by:
- vertebral column
- cerebrospinal fluid - also nourishes the neural.
tissue & removes waste products
- spinal meninges

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12
Q

The Spinal Meninges

A
  • Are continuous with the cranial meninges
  • Extend beyond the spinal cord to the second sacral vertebra (S2)
  • a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) involves the insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space beyond L3
  • this procedure:
    -does not damage the spinal cord
    -is used to withdraw CSF fluid for diagnostic testing (e.g. meningitis) or reducing intracranial pressure
    -is used to administer medications
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13
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

A

The neural tissue (neurons & neuroglia) of the spinal cord:
- is divided into a left and right side by two grooves
- anterior (ventral) median fissure
- posterior (dorsal) median sulcus
- is organised into areas of gray matter & white
matter
- identical arrangement of gray & white matter, and the structures within them, on each side of the spinal cord

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14
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • Composed of neuron cell bodies (mainly), unmyelinated axons & neuroglia
  • Varies in size and shape down the length of the spinal cord
  • Encloses a central canal - filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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15
Q

Sensory Nuclei of the Posterior Gray Horns

A

Contain the cell bodies of spinal cord interneurons

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16
Q

Somatic Motor Nuclei of the Anterior Gray Horns

A

Contain the cell bodies of lower motor neurons

17
Q

Autonomic Motor Nuclei of the Lateral Gray Horns

A

Contain the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons

18
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

Gray matter is the site of integration for spinal reflexes.
Reflex integration centres:
* receive & interpret incoming sensory input
* decide on & generate the motor output that causes the reflex response
These reflexes rapidly and involuntarily stimulate:
- skeletal muscle contractions = somatic reflex (e.g. patellar reflex)
- smooth muscle contractions of visceral organs (e.g. bladder) or gland secretions = autonomic reflex

19
Q

White Matter ”conduction highway”

A
  • Superficial to gray matter
  • Composed of myelinated (mainly) & unmyelinated axons
  • Anterior white commissure - site where axons cross from one side of the CNS to the other
  • Subdivided into white columns
20
Q

Spinal Cord Tracts of the White Matter

A
  • Conduct sensory or motor information between the spinal cord & brain
  • ascending tracts - conduct sensory input to the brain
  • descending tracts - conduct motor output away from the brain
  • Tract name often reveals the origin, destination & white matter location e.g. lateral spinothalamic tract
  • origin = spinal cord
  • destination = thalamus
  • tract location = lateral white column
21
Q

Fasciulus gracilis
Fasciulus cuneatus

A
  • ascending spinal cord tracts
  • posterior white columns
  • fine
  • vibration
  • light pressure
  • proprioception
22
Q

Lateral spinothalamic

A
  • ascending spinal cord tracts
  • lateral white columns
  • pain & temp
23
Q

anterior spinocerebellar
posterior spinocerebellar

A
  • ascending spinal cord tracts
  • lateral white columns
  • proprioception
24
Q

Anterior spinothalamic

A
  • ascending spinal cord tracts
  • anterior white columns
  • crude touch
  • deep pressure
25
Q

Lateral corticospinal tracts

A
  • descending spinal cord tracts
  • lateral white columns

somatic motor output that controls the skeletal muscles of limbs

26
Q

anterior corticospinal tracts

A
  • descending spinal cord tracts
  • anterior white columns

somatic output that controls the skeletal muscles of the trunk

27
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries

A
  • Result in sensory and/or motor losses at or below the level of the injury
  • damage to the posterior gray horns or ascending spinal cord tracts = loss of sensation
  • damage to the anterior gray horns or corticospinal tracts = muscle weakness or paralysis
28
Q

Neural Pathways

A

Spinal cord tracts belong to sensory pathways that connect receptors to the brain, and motor pathways that connect the brain to skeletal muscles.
These pathways:
- conduct sensory input from receptors to the brain
- conduct motor output from the brain to skeletal muscles
- consist of a chain of 2-3 neurons
- usually cross over (decussate) within the CNS

29
Q

Somatosensory Pathways

A
  • Conduct general sensory input from receptors to the brain
  • Involve a relay of neurons called:
  • first-order neuron
  • second-order neuron - third-order neuron
30
Q

Three main somatosensory pathways:

A
  1. Spinothalamic pathway
  2. Posterior column pathway (a.k.a. dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway)
  3. Spinocerebellar pathway
31
Q

Spinothalamic Pathway

A

Conducts sensations of crude touch, deep pressure, pain & temperature.
First-order neurons:
- conduct sensory input from receptors into a posterior gray horn
- synapse with second-order neurons within a sensory nucleus

Second-order neurons:
- conduct sensory input to the thalamus
- ascend spinal cord in a/an:
- anterior spinothalamic tract (crude touch & deep pressure)
- lateral spinothalamic tract (pain & temperature)
- synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus

Third-order neurons:
- conduct sensory input to the primary somatosensory cortex (PSC)

32
Q

Posterior Column Pathway

A

Conducts sensations of fine touch, light pressure, vibration & proprioception.

First-order neurons:
- conduct sensory input into a posterior gray horn and up to the medulla oblongata
- ascend spinal cord in a fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus tract
- synapse with second-order neurons in the medulla oblongata

Second-order neurons:
- conduct sensory input to the thalamus
- synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus

Third-order neurons:
- conduct the sensory input to the PSC

33
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway

A

Conducts sensations of proprioception.

First-order neurons:
- conduct sensory input from proprioceptors into a posterior gray horn
- synapse with second-order neurons within a sensory nucleus

Second-order neurons:
- conduct sensory input to the cerebellum
- ascend spinal cord in an anterior or posterior spinocerebellar tract

34
Q

Somatic Motor Pathways

A
  • Conduct somatic motor output from the primary motor cortex (PMC) to skeletal muscles
  • Involve a relay of two neurons:
  • upper motor neuron
  • lower motor neuron
  • Two main somatic motor pathways:
    1. Lateral corticospinal pathway
    2. Anterior corticospinal pathway
35
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Pathway

A

Conducts the somatic motor output that controls the skeletal muscles of the limbs.
Upper motor neurons:
- conduct somatic motor output from the PMC to an anterior gray horn
- descend spinal cord in a lateral corticospinal tract
- synapse with lower motor neurons in a motor nucleus
- Lower motor neurons:
- conduct somatic motor output to skeletal muscles of the limbs

36
Q

Anterior Corticospinal Pathway

A

Conducts the somatic motor output that controls the skeletal muscles of the trunk (axial skeleton).
Upper motor neurons:
- conduct somatic motor output from the PMC to an anterior gray horn
- descend the spinal cord in an anterior corticospinal tract
- synapse with lower motor neurons in a motor nucleus
- Lower motor neurons:
- conduct somatic motor output to skeletal muscles of the trunk

NUR1112 (24 decks)

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