Week 5-8 Flashcards
Define: Motivational Interviewing
is deliberately non-confrontational. It is considered to be effective for people who are reluctant to engage in change
What are the key questions in Motivational Interviewing?
- what are some of the GOOD things about your present behaviour? 2. what are the NOT-SO-GOOD things about your present behaviour?
Name other elements of Motivational Interviewing?
Express empathy- Reflective listening
Avoid arguments- individual responsible for decision to change
Rolling with resistance
Support self-efficacy and optimism for change
Identify the 7 steps of Problem Solving
- identify and clearly define the problem
- brainstorm possible solutions
- assess how effective and practical each potential solution is 4. choose one solution
- plan the steps to carry it out
- carry out the plan
- review the outcome
Describe: Problem solving approaches (to behaviour change)
Has 3 distinct phases:
- problem exploration
- goal setting
- facilitating action
- It is focused on the issues in the ‘here and now’
- can help individuals develop strategies of change
Name the 4 mistakes in setting goals
too big
too many
not specific
not written
Describe the characteristics goals should have
Goals should be:
- clear plans
- realistically challenging
- incorporates clients interests/values
- have verifiable outcomes
- depend on clients efforts
- achieved reasonably soon
- involve the client
What does Cognitive Behaviour Therapy involve?
Your thoughts
Your emotions
Your behaviours
Describe: Modelling Change
key process is learning skills from observation of others performing them- vicarious learning
What does A.B.C stand for in Operant Conditioning
Antecedents- Behaviours- Consequences
Describe: Operant Conditioning
is behaviour modification- involves reinforcement (positive or negative) or punishment
Name the 4 quadrants of Operant conditioning
Give an example: Classical conditioning
Pavlov’s dogs: Before conditioning- salivate at bone, no response to bell During conditioning- bell and bone together cause salivation After conditioning- salivate at bell
Describe: Classical conditioning
- progressive hierarchy of feared objects - exposure is imagined - virtual reality
Describe: Cognitive Strategies (in changing behaviour)
role of cognitive therapy is to teach the individual to treat their beliefs as hypotheses and not facts, try alternative ways of looking at the situation, and have new responses to it based on the new ways of thinking
True or False: assumptions impact on how you behave?
True
Give examples: A.B.C and understand the concept
Give 5 examples: Strategies for changing behaviour
- motivational interviewing techniques
- problem solving approaches
- goal setting
- behaviour therapy
- cognitive strategies
Name ways we manage emotions
- mindfulness
- labelling emotions
- balanced lifestyles
- distract with ACCEPTS
- acceptance of emotions
Define: ACCEPTS
Activities: do activities that make you happy or enjoy
Contribute: community involvement, volunteering can make you feel better about yourself or give you a positive distraction
Comparison: comparing where you are now to where you used to be (even personality wise), sompare yourself to the less fortunate
E- emotions: cause yourself to feels something different by provoking you sense of
Push away: put your situation on the back-burner for a while
Thoughts: force your mind to think about something else
Sensations, do something that causes a sensation other than that your feeling. Eg. Angry- have a cold shower
What are the levels in the (psychology and health) hierarchy- Highest to Lowest
L1- Self-actualisation
L2- Self-esteem
L3- Love and Belonging
L4- Safety and Security
L5- Physiological Needs
Name some relaxation techniques
- Progressive muscle relaxation
- Object to dwell on (image or word)
- Passive attitude (emptying mind of thoughts)
Explain: Mindfulness
a practice of focusing one’s awareness on the present moment, while calmly acknowledging and accepting one’s feelings, thoughts and sensations
Name other types of Psychological Interventions
family therapy
interpersonal therapy
dialectical behaviour therapy
Mass Media Campaigns Name the methods used to increase the effectiveness of mass media campaigns
- refining communication to maximise their influence on attitudes
- the use of fear messages
- more specific targeting of interventions
Give a Con for mass media campaigns
only those with pre-existing interest in the issue are likely to attend MMC and act on it
Explain the Use of Fear (Mass Media Campaign)
- popular approach
- relatively ineffective in engendering behaviour change
Explain Targeting the Audience (Mass Media Campaign)
- more effective to target your audience
- can be targeted on several factors behaviour age gender socio-economic status sexuality psychological factors
An environment that encourages healthy behaviours should…
- provide cues to action
- enable health behaviours by minimising the costs/barriers
- increase the costs of engaging in health damaging behaviours
Explain the Social Model of Health
- adds onto the biomedical & biopsychosocial models of health
- shifts focus to the attributes of society and how these lead to health inequalities
Explain: Social determinants of health
used to explain the differential in health outcomes across individuals and the population Impacted by- socioeconomic and political context
Define: Structural determinants of health
factors that reinforce social divisions, power and status differences and impact on health outcomes
Give examples: Structural determinants of health
Social class
education
Income
Occupation
Gender
Geographical location
Name the factors that impact on Indigenous health
- lower income
- unemployment
- lower education
- overcrowded housing
- Socioeconomic disadvantages
Name the reasons why Rural Australians have a higher level of disease/illness risk factors, than city populations
- lower economic advantage
- greater levels of smoking and alcohol use
- less access to health services
- natural disasters
Name the types of development
Physical
Social
Emotional
Cognitive
Name the 4 Developmental Periods
Infancy and Childhood
Adolescence and Young Adult
Adulthood
Older Age
Name some pre-natal factors influencing development
- birth order
- planned or unplanned pregnancy
- sex of child
- IVF
Social Development- Erikson What is Stage 1?
- First year of life
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Trust: when infant is given warmth, love, touch and physical care
Social Development- Erikson What is Stage 2?
- Years 1-3
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Autonomy: children express need for self-control, parents foster this by encouraging children
Social Development- Erikson What is Stage 3?
- Years 3-5
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Initiative: children begin taking initiative, parents reinforce by giving children freedom to play, ask questions
Social Development- Erikson What is Stage 4?
- Years 6-12
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Industry: children learn skills valued by society. eg. reading, building
Define: Assimilation
is the use of existing mental patterns in a new situation
Define: Accommodation
when existing ideas are modified to fit new requirements
Piaget’s suggested intellect grows through processes of
Assimilation and Accommodation
Name some key health issues for Adolescence
- body image
- eating disorders
- sexual health
- mental health
What are the key issues for Adulthood?
29-34yrs: Crisis of Questions (questioning what life is about)
35-43yrs: Crisis of Urgency (intensified attempt to succeed at career and meet life goals)
43-50yrs: Attaining Stability (calmer acceptance of ones fate)
Adulthood- Relationship Status and Health
What impact does being Partnered have on health?
Males- physical and mental health is promoted
Women- have the highest depression rates
Adulthood- Relationship Status and Health
What impact does a Relationship End have on health?
Men- suffer more severely of bereavement than men Women- being single has the lowest rates of depression
Name some of the changes in the elderly
- biological changes (muscle strength, flexibility, response speed and sensory acuity)
- Retirement
- More leisure time
(Theories of Successful Ageing)
Define: Disengagement Theory
assumes that it is normal and desirable for people to withdraw from society as they age
(Theories of Successful Ageing)
Define: Activity Theory
assumes that activity is the essence of life for people for all ages and that people who remain physically, mentally and socially active will adjust better
What are the 2 factors of Successful Ageing
Compensation and Optimisation
When is Successful Ageing found to happen?
- when people focus of what they can do, find ways to perform well and compensate for age related losses - when they are able to maintain control in the their lives - people who do things they find meaningful cope better
Which age group are more likely to use health services?
Children and Older people
After what age does health seeking behaviour decrease
80
What are some health issues for the Elderly?
- physical changes
- sensory losses (sight and hearing)
- psychological distress (dementia, bereavement, chronic illness and depression)
What are the implications of developmental stages/health issues for Health Professionals
- therapeutic intervention needs to match the developmental concerns of the individual
- health issues and the impact of health concerns vary
- developmental changes will influence health status and health behaviours
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Erik Erikson
What are Stages 5 and 6?
Stage 5- Adolescence
- Identity vs Role confusion
Stage 6- Young Adult
- Intimacy vs Isolation
