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Psychology & Health > Week 5-8 > Flashcards

Week 5-8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Motivational Interviewing

A

is deliberately non-confrontational. It is considered to be effective for people who are reluctant to engage in change

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2
Q

What are the key questions in Motivational Interviewing?

A
  1. what are some of the GOOD things about your present behaviour? 2. what are the NOT-SO-GOOD things about your present behaviour?
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3
Q

Name other elements of Motivational Interviewing?

A

Express empathy- Reflective listening

Avoid arguments- individual responsible for decision to change

Rolling with resistance

Support self-efficacy and optimism for change

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4
Q

Identify the 7 steps of Problem Solving

A
  1. identify and clearly define the problem
  2. brainstorm possible solutions
  3. assess how effective and practical each potential solution is 4. choose one solution
  4. plan the steps to carry it out
  5. carry out the plan
  6. review the outcome
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5
Q

Describe: Problem solving approaches (to behaviour change)

A

Has 3 distinct phases:

  1. problem exploration
  2. goal setting
  3. facilitating action
    - It is focused on the issues in the ‘here and now’
    - can help individuals develop strategies of change
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6
Q

Name the 4 mistakes in setting goals

A

too big

too many

not specific

not written

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7
Q

Describe the characteristics goals should have

A

Goals should be:

  • clear plans
  • realistically challenging
  • incorporates clients interests/values
  • have verifiable outcomes
  • depend on clients efforts
  • achieved reasonably soon
  • involve the client
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8
Q

What does Cognitive Behaviour Therapy involve?

A

Your thoughts

Your emotions

Your behaviours

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9
Q

Describe: Modelling Change

A

key process is learning skills from observation of others performing them- vicarious learning

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10
Q

What does A.B.C stand for in Operant Conditioning

A

Antecedents- Behaviours- Consequences

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11
Q

Describe: Operant Conditioning

A

is behaviour modification- involves reinforcement (positive or negative) or punishment

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12
Q

Name the 4 quadrants of Operant conditioning

A
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13
Q

Give an example: Classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dogs: Before conditioning- salivate at bone, no response to bell During conditioning- bell and bone together cause salivation After conditioning- salivate at bell

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14
Q

Describe: Classical conditioning

A
  • progressive hierarchy of feared objects - exposure is imagined - virtual reality
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15
Q

Describe: Cognitive Strategies (in changing behaviour)

A

role of cognitive therapy is to teach the individual to treat their beliefs as hypotheses and not facts, try alternative ways of looking at the situation, and have new responses to it based on the new ways of thinking

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16
Q

True or False: assumptions impact on how you behave?

A

True

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17
Q

Give examples: A.B.C and understand the concept

A
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18
Q

Give 5 examples: Strategies for changing behaviour

A
  • motivational interviewing techniques
  • problem solving approaches
  • goal setting
  • behaviour therapy
  • cognitive strategies
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19
Q

Name ways we manage emotions

A
  • mindfulness
  • labelling emotions
  • balanced lifestyles
  • distract with ACCEPTS
  • acceptance of emotions
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20
Q

Define: ACCEPTS

A

Activities: do activities that make you happy or enjoy

Contribute: community involvement, volunteering can make you feel better about yourself or give you a positive distraction

Comparison: comparing where you are now to where you used to be (even personality wise), sompare yourself to the less fortunate

E- emotions: cause yourself to feels something different by provoking you sense of

Push away: put your situation on the back-burner for a while

Thoughts: force your mind to think about something else

Sensations, do something that causes a sensation other than that your feeling. Eg. Angry- have a cold shower

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21
Q

What are the levels in the (psychology and health) hierarchy- Highest to Lowest

A

L1- Self-actualisation

L2- Self-esteem

L3- Love and Belonging

L4- Safety and Security

L5- Physiological Needs

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22
Q

Name some relaxation techniques

A
  • Progressive muscle relaxation
  • Object to dwell on (image or word)
  • Passive attitude (emptying mind of thoughts)
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23
Q

Explain: Mindfulness

A

a practice of focusing one’s awareness on the present moment, while calmly acknowledging and accepting one’s feelings, thoughts and sensations

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24
Q

Name other types of Psychological Interventions

A

family therapy

interpersonal therapy

dialectical behaviour therapy

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25
Q

Mass Media Campaigns Name the methods used to increase the effectiveness of mass media campaigns

A
  • refining communication to maximise their influence on attitudes
  • the use of fear messages
  • more specific targeting of interventions
26
Q

Give a Con for mass media campaigns

A

only those with pre-existing interest in the issue are likely to attend MMC and act on it

27
Q

Explain the Use of Fear (Mass Media Campaign)

A
  • popular approach
  • relatively ineffective in engendering behaviour change
28
Q

Explain Targeting the Audience (Mass Media Campaign)

A
  • more effective to target your audience
  • can be targeted on several factors behaviour age gender socio-economic status sexuality psychological factors
29
Q

An environment that encourages healthy behaviours should…

A
  • provide cues to action
  • enable health behaviours by minimising the costs/barriers
  • increase the costs of engaging in health damaging behaviours
30
Q

Explain the Social Model of Health

A
  • adds onto the biomedical & biopsychosocial models of health
  • shifts focus to the attributes of society and how these lead to health inequalities
31
Q

Explain: Social determinants of health

A

used to explain the differential in health outcomes across individuals and the population Impacted by- socioeconomic and political context

32
Q

Define: Structural determinants of health

A

factors that reinforce social divisions, power and status differences and impact on health outcomes

33
Q

Give examples: Structural determinants of health

A

Social class

education

Income

Occupation

Gender

Geographical location

34
Q

Name the factors that impact on Indigenous health

A
  • lower income
  • unemployment
  • lower education
  • overcrowded housing
  • Socioeconomic disadvantages
35
Q

Name the reasons why Rural Australians have a higher level of disease/illness risk factors, than city populations

A
  • lower economic advantage
  • greater levels of smoking and alcohol use
  • less access to health services
  • natural disasters
36
Q

Name the types of development

A

Physical

Social

Emotional

Cognitive

37
Q

Name the 4 Developmental Periods

A

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence and Young Adult

Adulthood

Older Age

38
Q

Name some pre-natal factors influencing development

A
  • birth order
  • planned or unplanned pregnancy
  • sex of child
  • IVF
39
Q

Social Development- Erikson What is Stage 1?

A
  • First year of life
  • Trust vs Mistrust
  • Trust: when infant is given warmth, love, touch and physical care
40
Q

Social Development- Erikson What is Stage 2?

A
  • Years 1-3
  • Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
  • Autonomy: children express need for self-control, parents foster this by encouraging children
41
Q

Social Development- Erikson What is Stage 3?

A
  • Years 3-5
  • Initiative vs Guilt
  • Initiative: children begin taking initiative, parents reinforce by giving children freedom to play, ask questions
42
Q

Social Development- Erikson What is Stage 4?

A
  • Years 6-12
  • Industry vs Inferiority
  • Industry: children learn skills valued by society. eg. reading, building
43
Q

Define: Assimilation

A

is the use of existing mental patterns in a new situation

44
Q

Define: Accommodation

A

when existing ideas are modified to fit new requirements

45
Q

Piaget’s suggested intellect grows through processes of

A

Assimilation and Accommodation

46
Q

Name some key health issues for Adolescence

A
  • body image
  • eating disorders
  • sexual health
  • mental health
47
Q

What are the key issues for Adulthood?

A

29-34yrs: Crisis of Questions (questioning what life is about)

35-43yrs: Crisis of Urgency (intensified attempt to succeed at career and meet life goals)

43-50yrs: Attaining Stability (calmer acceptance of ones fate)

48
Q

Adulthood- Relationship Status and Health

What impact does being Partnered have on health?

A

Males- physical and mental health is promoted

Women- have the highest depression rates

49
Q

Adulthood- Relationship Status and Health

What impact does a Relationship End have on health?

A

Men- suffer more severely of bereavement than men Women- being single has the lowest rates of depression

50
Q

Name some of the changes in the elderly

A
  • biological changes (muscle strength, flexibility, response speed and sensory acuity)
  • Retirement
  • More leisure time
51
Q

(Theories of Successful Ageing)

Define: Disengagement Theory

A

assumes that it is normal and desirable for people to withdraw from society as they age

52
Q

(Theories of Successful Ageing)

Define: Activity Theory

A

assumes that activity is the essence of life for people for all ages and that people who remain physically, mentally and socially active will adjust better

53
Q

What are the 2 factors of Successful Ageing

A

Compensation and Optimisation

54
Q

When is Successful Ageing found to happen?

A
  • when people focus of what they can do, find ways to perform well and compensate for age related losses - when they are able to maintain control in the their lives - people who do things they find meaningful cope better
55
Q

Which age group are more likely to use health services?

A

Children and Older people

56
Q

After what age does health seeking behaviour decrease

A

80

57
Q

What are some health issues for the Elderly?

A
  • physical changes
  • sensory losses (sight and hearing)
  • psychological distress (dementia, bereavement, chronic illness and depression)
58
Q

What are the implications of developmental stages/health issues for Health Professionals

A
  • therapeutic intervention needs to match the developmental concerns of the individual
  • health issues and the impact of health concerns vary
  • developmental changes will influence health status and health behaviours
59
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A
60
Q

Erik Erikson

What are Stages 5 and 6?

A

Stage 5- Adolescence

  • Identity vs Role confusion

Stage 6- Young Adult

  • Intimacy vs Isolation

Psychology & Health (4 decks)

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