Week 1-4 Flashcards
Define: Health Psychology
Is the study of psychological and behavioural processes in health, illness and healthcare
Define: Psychology
Is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour
Name the 4 behavioural risk factors that cause NCD’s
Tobacco
Unhealthy diet
Insufficient physical activity
Harmful use of alcohol
Define: Behavioural Pathogens
behaviour that increases the risk of incidence of illness and disease
Define: Behavioural Immunogen
behaviour that decreases the risk of illness or disease
Name the behavioural, emotional, cognitive and environmental factors that cause obesity
Culture
Family eating patterns
Lack of positive role models
Sedentary lifestyle
Lack of physical activity
Use food as a coping strategy (emotional eating) ¡ Beliefs around food
Overeating (portion size)
Eating the wrong food (high fat).
Give examples: Negative health effects of Excessive Alcohol
Minimal behaviour change Intoxication Stupor Coma Death
Give an example: Alcohol treatments
In-patient treatment
Alcoholics anonymous
Counselling and psychotherapy
Cognitive behavioural therapies
A 2010 survey showed Australian smoking rate has fallen to…
16.6%
Give reasons why people start Smoking
Modelling Social pressure, social learning and reinforcement Weight control Attitudes towards smoking Risk taking/problem behaviours Health cognitions
Why do people continue smoking?
Pleasure or enjoyment of it
Habit
Stress management/ coping mechanism
Low self efficacy
Give examples: Negative consequences of unprotected sex
Pregnancy
Sexual transmitted disease
HIV/Aids
Who uses condoms more commonly: young people or older people
Young people
Who tends to use condoms less often: Females or Males
females
When is condom use greatest for both males and females?
when with a new partner
Give examples: Barriers to condom use
Embarrassment Not wanting to purchase condoms Interrupts sex Pressure not to use them Social stigma's
What is the Vegetable serving size
75g- 1/2 cup cooked or 1 cup raw
What is the Fruit serving size
150g- 2 pieces of small fruit
What are the main barriers to eating fruit and vegetable?
- Lack of knowledge and skills for preparing and cooking such items
- Length of preparation time
- Many consumers were reluctant to assume a vegetarian diet because of concerns about lack of nutrients and iron in a meat free diet
Give reasons: why people Exercise
- Desire for physical fitness
- Desire to lose weight/change body shape and
appearance - Desire to maintain or enhance health status
- Desire to improve self image and mood
- As a means of stress reduction - As a social activity
Name the psychological benefits of Exercise
- Reduced anxiety
- Reduced depression - Stress relief and enhanced mood
- Natural pain killer
- Reduced feelings of tension
- Heightened self-esteem and self- image
- Increased levels of pro-social behaviour
- Delayed neuronal degeneration, which underlies cognitive decline in dementia
Name the Negative consequences of Exercise
- can become compulsive, and may produce dependence.
- withdrawal effects of guilt and irritability may occur.
- Long-term excessive exercise can lead to muscle wasting and weight loss. - for previously inactive individuals, dramatic exercise may lead to injury and/or aversion to exercise.
Give examples: Barriers to Exercise
Lack of time
Cost
Lack of access to appropriate facilities and equipment
Embarrassment
Lack of self-belief
Lack of someone to go with/support
Perceived behavioural control
Behavioural intention
Habit
What are the 2 purposes of Health Screening
Screening for disease detection
Screening for risk factors
Name some Behavioural barriers to Health Screening
Lower levels of education and income
Age (e.g. younger women tend not to attend risk-factor screening)
Lack of knowledge
Embarrassment
Fear
Lack of self-belief (self-efficacy) in terms of being able to practise self- examination correctly
Name the 2 reasons for applying models
- To theoretically understand the area under consideration,
- To plan interventions.
Define: Self-efficacy
the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations
What does the Protection Motivation Theory do?
Describes adaptive and maladaptive coping due to a health threat as a result of two appraisal processes
Threat appraisal
Coping appraisal
What are Maladaptive coping responses?
are those that place an individual at health risk
Give examples: Maladaptive coping responses
Avoidance
Denial
Fatalism
Wishful thinking
Hopelessness
Define: Critical thinking
Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.
Define: Systematic review
a systematic review is a literature review focused on a research question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to that question.
Define: Meta-analysis
comprises statistical methods for contrasting and combining results from different studies to identify patterns among study results, sources of disagreement among those results, or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies
Define: Eustress
demands for adjustment from positive events
Define: Distress
Demands for adjustment from negative events
Define: Stress
a discrepancy between the needs of a situation and an individual’s resources
(inc. biological, psychological and social in a person/environment transaction)
Define: Stressor
are stimuli in the environment that require a person to make some form of adaption or adjustment
What can psychological responses to stress be measured by?
Maslash Stress and Burnout Scale
(psychology and health)
Define: Determinant
a factor that increases the risk of illness or disease
Define: Protective factor
a factor that decreases the associated risk
Define: Vulnerability factor
a factor that increases the associated risk
Name the 2 Moderators of stress
Intrapersonal
Extrapersonal
Define: Intrapersonal Moderator of stress
Consist of dispositions, abilities, skills and knowledge that can be utilised in the presence of a stressor.
Define: Extrapersonal
Consist of factors external to the individual that can be utilised in the presence of a stressor
Name the 5 Forms of Control within the intrapersonal moderator
Behavioural control Cognitive control Decisional control Informational control Personal control
Define: External Locus of Control
perception that control of events is outside the influence of the individual
Define: Internal Locus of Control
perception that control of events lies with the individual.
Name 3 stress buffering traits
Commitment
Control
Challenge
Stress buffering trait
Define: Commitment
believing it is important to stay involved with people and events even if stressful and that withdrawal is a waste of time
Stress buffering trait
Define: Control
wanting to influence outcomes no matter how hard it is to do so, so that slipping into passivity seems like a mistake
Stress buffering trait
Define: Challenge
seeing stress as a normal part of living and opportunity to grow
What is explanatory style?
A person’s propensity to attribute positive or negative causes i.e. How a person explains certain life events
What is dispositional optimism
An optimistic nature can motivate people to cope more effectively with stress and consequently reduce risk of illness.
What are Biotypes?
Personality trait specifically associated with a disease state.
What is a disease-prone personality
predisposition to develop disease as a result of ineffective coping styles
Give an example: Vulnerability factor
absence of material resources- may increase likelihood of disease
Give examples: Extrapersonal factors
Material resources
Social support
Name the 4 types of social support
- Emotional support
- Esteem/appraisal support
- Informational support
- Instrumental/tangible support
When is social support not helpful?
When it is
- not wanted
- Inadequate
- not what is needed at the time
Give examples: Coping Strategies for Stress
Exercise Relaxation training Creative Pursuits Hypnosis Cognitive therapies
List the components in Stress Inoculation Training
Reconceptualisation- reframe source of stress to psychological factors
Skills Acquisition- learn relaxation and controlled breathing
Follow Through- using coping skills in everyday life
Models
Define: the Health Belief Model
Includes self-efficacy
Model
Define: Theory of Reasoned Action
Based on the belief that a person’s intention to perform a certain health behaviour is shaped body 2 factors- personal beliefs and social influences
Model
Define: Theory of Planned Behaviour
To improve ability to address non-volition all behaviours
Model
Define: Stages of Change Model
Pre-contemplation - Contemplation - Determination/Preparation - Action - Maintenance - Relapse
Model
Define: Health Action Process Approach
Was developed to apply to all health-compromising and health-enhancing behaviours
To change health related behaviours, it requires what 2 separate processes?
Motivation- an intention to change is developed
Volition- change must be planned, initiated, and maintained, and relapse must be managed
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