Exam- Readings & Practice Questions Flashcards
List the resources/assistance each of the social support types provide
Esteem/Appraisal support- affirmation, social comparison
Emotional support-affection, concern. listening, venting emotions.
Information support-advice, suggestions, information Instrumental/tangible support-money, labour, time, practical help
Stress and coping
Define: Avoidance coping
The person acknowledges the problem but tries not to think about it.
Stress and coping
Coping strategies are divided into what 2 groups?
Problem-focused
Emotion-focused
Stress and Coping
Give examples: Problem-focused and Emotion-focused Coping strategies
○ Problem Focused Looking up a medical problem on the internet Resolving to deal with a large issue one step at a time Asking friends for practical help
○ Emotion-Focused Tidying up your desk instead of writing an essay (distraction) Trying to reappraise the problem in a positive light (reframing) Telling friends about the problem and asking for reassurance (social support)
In what 3 ways is Stress conceptualised?
Stimulus
Response
Reaction
Health Inequalities
Define: Social Causation Model
suggests that low SES ‘causes’ health problems; that is, there is something about occupying a low socioeconomic group that adversely influences the health of individuals.
Health Inequalities
Define: Social Drift Model
suggests that when an individual develops a health problem, they may be unable to maintain a job or the levels of overtime required to maintain their standard of living.
- They therefore drift down the socioeconomic scale; that is, health problems ‘cause’ low SES
Health Inequalities
What factors influence Health Inequalities?
- Differences in health behaviours
- Access to healthcare
- Environmental factors
- Psychosocial factors
- Socioeconomic status
Explain Primary, Secondary and Tertiary stress management interventions
○ Primary interventions- change environmental conditions that produce stress
○ Secondary interventions- help individuals to use more effective stress management behaviours, such as exercise
○ Tertiary interventions- such as counselling, are designed for people who have been impaired by clinical conditions such as anxiety
Indigenous Australians suffer an overall burden of disease how many times the total of the Australian population
2.5 times the total of the Australian population
When may avoidant coping be beneficial to Qol?
In situations where the person cannot exert control.
Stress and Coping
The appraisal of an event as stressful depends on the interaction of what 2 groups of factors
- Person related: include all of a persons psychological and social resources. E.g. intelligence, finances, skills and personality characteristics
- Situation related: influencing the amount of stress and the types of demands for adjustment people face include ambiguity, desirability and controlability
Stress and coping
Define: Escapist
the person runs away from the problem, rather than trying to rectify it.
- is a form of avoidance coping
Review: the Health Belief Model
Review: Protection Motivation Theory
There are 2 theories which may explain the benefits of Social Support. What are they?
Direct Effects hypothesis
Buffering hypothesis
List all 10 Cognitive Distortions and understand each
All or Nothing Thinking: You view a situation in strictly black and white terms without seeing the shades of grey.
Selective Abstraction: You focus in on one negative detail of the situation, rather than looking at the whole picture.
Overgeneralisation: You make a sweeping negative conclusion that goes way beyond the present situation.
Fortune Telling: You predict the future (or recent past) negatively, usually catastrophising with little or no basis to do so.
Magnifying/Minimising: You make the situation out to much worse than it is and/ or minimise your strengths and assets.
Labelling: You put a fixed, overgeneralised label on yourself or others based on a few behaviours.
Emotional Reasoning: This is where you think something is true because you believe it so strongly.
Mind Reading: You believe that you know what other’s are thinking and how they view a situation.
Personalisation: You believe others are behaving the way they are because of something you did.
Should’s and Shouldn’ts: You have a precise, fixed notion about how you or others should behave (or should have behaved).
What are the 4 Psychological determinants of health?
Heredity
Personality
Behaviour
Perceptions
?
What is the primary goals of psychological interventions in medical patients
improve disease management AND
reduce the risk of future disease or disease progression
?
What evidence is there to suggest that biological models of pain may not explain all types of pain?
Psychological influences on pain
?
