Week 5-8 Flashcards
Involves receiving, attending to, understanding, responding to, and recalling sounds and visual images, when you’re listening to someone.
Listening
These vibrations travel along acoustic nerves to your brain, which interprets them as your friends words and voice tone, an effect known as
Hearing
Together, seeing and hearing constitute ____, the first step in the listening process.
Receiving
The second step in the listening process, involves devoting attention to the information you received.
Attending
If you find your attention wondering, practice_, systematically putting aside thoughts that aren’t relevant to the interaction at hand.
Mental bracketing
Involves interpreting the meaning of another person’s communication by comparing newly received information against our past knowledge
Understanding
Whenever you receive and attend to new information you place it in your___, the part of your mind that temporary houses the information while you seek to understand its meaning.
Short-term memory
While the new information sits in your short-term memory, you call up relevant knowledge from your___, the part of your mind devoted to permanent information storage.
Long-term memory
What leads you to conclude that John is listening and Sarah isn’t? It’s the way your friends are___-communicating their attention and understanding to you.
Responding-communication
Critical to active listening is using verbal and nonverbal behaviors known as _____ to communicate attention and understanding while others are talking.
Feedback
You may also offer___, verbal and nonverbal behaviors such as nodding and making comments-like (Uh-huh,) (yes,) and (that makes sense) that signal you’ve paid intention to and understood specific comments.
Back-channel cues
One way to do this is by___, summarizing others comments after they have finished, (my read on your message is that…) Or (you seem to be saying that…)
Paraphrasing
The fifth stage of listening is___, remembering information after you’ve received it, attended to, understood, and responded to it.
Recalling
How can you enhance you recall ability?One way is to use___, devices that aid memory
Mnemonics
My experience creating a pizza-delivery mnemonic supports one of the most common findings in the mnemonic research, the___, which causes us to remember unusual information more readily than commonplace information
Bizarreness Effect
The different reasons for listening displayed on “what not to wear” mirror the___, or purposes for listening, we experience daily.
Listening functions
Want brief, too-the-point, and accurate messages from others-information they can then use to make decisions to initiate courses of action.
Action-oriented listeners
Is your habitual pattern of listening behaviors, which reflects your attitudes, beliefs, and predispositions regarding the listening process.
Listening style
Prefer brief and concise encounters.
Time-oriented listeners
View listening as an opportunity to establish commonalities between themselves and others.
People-oriented listeners
Preferred to be intellectually challenged by the messages they receive during interpersonal encounters.
Content-oriented listeners
Perhaps the greatest challenge to active listening is overcoming___, taking in only those bits and pieces of information that are immediately salient during an interpersonal encounter and dismissing the rest.
Selective listening
When people intentionally and systematically set up situations so they can listen to private conversations, they are
Eavesdropping
Behaving as if you’re paying attention though you are really not.
Pseudo-listening
People who engage in ______ (also called ambushing) attend to what others say solely to find an opportunity to attack their conversational partners.
Agressive Listening
Some people engage in aggressive listening online. People known as ____ post messages designed solely as “trolls”to annoy others
Provocateurs
Like its namesake in Greek mythology, _____ is self-absorbed listening: the perpetrator ignores what others have to say and redirects the conversation to him/her and his/her own interest.
Narcissistic Listening
The exchange of spoken or written language with others during interactions
Verbal Communication
Whenever we use items to represent other things, they are considered
Symbols
Define word meaning, they tells us which words represent which objects
Constitutive Rules
Govern how we use language when we verbally communicate
Regulative Rules
Partners in close relationships, for example often create ______, words and phrases that have unique meanings to them.
Personal Idioms
When large groups of people share creative variations on language rules, those variations are called _____. A _____ may include unique phrases, words, and pronunciations (what we call accents) can be shared by people living in a certain region.
Dialects
_____ _______ _______, such as in China, Korea, and Japan, people presume that listeners share extensive knowledge in common with them. People can hint, imply, or suggest meanings and feel confident that they will be understood.
High-Context Cultures
People tend not to presume that listeners share their beliefs, attitudes, and values, so they tailor their verbal communication to be informative, clear, and direct.
Low-Context Cultures
Is the literal meaning of your words, as agreed on by members of your culture, known as _______ _______. It’s what you find in dictionaries.
Denotative Meaning
Additional understandings of a words meaning based on the situation and the knowledge we and our communication partners share. It’s implied, suggested, or hinted at by the words you choose while communicating with others.
Connotative Meaning
Suggests that our ability to think is “at the mercy” of language.
Linguistic Determinism
People from different cultures would perceive and think about the world in very different ways, an effect known as
Linguistic Relativity
Creating linguistic symbols for objects, the process of _____ is one of humankind’s most profound and unique abilities.
Naming
The actions that we perform with language are called _____ ____
Speech Acts
You produce messages that have three characteristics. First, you speak in ways that others can easily understand, using language that is informative, honest, relevant and clear. Second, you take active ownership for what you are saying using “I” language. Third, you make others feel included rather than excluded-for example, through the use of “We.”
Cooperative Verbal Communication
Making our conversational contributions as informative, honest, relevant, and clear as is required, given the purposes of the encounters in which we are involved.
Cooperative principle
Is the single most important characteristic of cooperative verbal communication because other people count on the fact that the information you share with them is truthful
Honesty
When one person misperceives another’s thoughts, feelings, or beliefs as expressed in the other individuals verbal communication,_occurs._Most commonly results from a failure to actively listen.
Misunderstanding
Phrases that place the focus of attention and blame on other people, such as (you let us down.)
“You “ language
Phrases that emphasize ownership of the feelings, opinions, and beliefs
“I “language
Wordings that emphasize inclusion-tend to be more satisfied with their relationships than those who routinely rely on “I “and “you” messages
“We” language
Which holds that people are especially motivated to adapt their language when they seek social approval, when they wish to establish relationships with others, and when they view others language usage as appropriate
Communication accommodation theory
Mental maps that describe exactly how communication encounters will unfold-prior to interacting in the situations or with the people or types of people that cause your apprehension
Communication plans
(defensiveness), impolite messages delivered in response to suggestions, criticism, or perceived slights
Defensive communication
The tendency to attack others self concepts rather than their positions on topics of conversation
Verbal aggression
Occurs when people deliberately use uninformative, Untruthful, irrelevant, or vague language for the purpose of misleading others
Deception
As the intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through an individuals a non-spoken physical and behavioral cues
Nonverbal communication
Our reliance on nonverbal communication escalates even higher when people display_____, verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey contradictory meanings
Mixed messages
The different means used for transmitting information nonverbally
Nonverbal communication codes
Visible body movements, including facial expressions, Eye contact, gestures, and body postures
Kinesics
Vocal characteristics such as loudness, pitch, speech rate, and tone
Vocalics
Duration placement, and strength of touch
Haptics
Use of physical distance
Proxemics
Organization and use of time
Chronemics
Appearance of hair, clothing, body type, and other physical features
Physical appearance
Personal possessions displayed to others
Artifacts
Structure of physical surroundings
Environment
Represent specific verbal meanings
Emblems
Unlike emblems,____ accent or illustrate verbal messages
Illustrators
Control the exchange of conversational turns during interpersonal encounters
Regulators
Are touching gestures that serve a psychological or physical purpose
Adaptors
Is the degree to which you find someone interesting and attractive
Immediacy
Is the ability to influence or control other people or events
Power
Vocal characteristics we use to communicate nonverbal messages-has upon our impression
Vocalics
To accomplish some type of task, includes touch between physicians and patients, between teachers and students, and between coaches and athletes
Functional professional touch
Derives from social norms and expectations. The most common form of social polite touch is the handshake, which has been practice as a greeting in one form or another for over 2000 years
Social-polite touch
Gently grasping a friends arm and giving it a squeeze-to express liking for another person
Friendship-warmth touch
Cupping a romantic partners face tenderly in your hands, giving him or her a big, lingering hug-lets you convey deep emotional feelings
Love-intimacy touch
As the name implies, is intended to physically stimulate another person
Sexual-arousal touch
Involves forms of physical violence like grabbing, slapping, and hitting-behaviors designed to hurt and humiliate others
Aggressive-hostile touch
Ranges from 0 to 18 inches. Sharing intimate space with someone counts among the defining nonverbal features of close relationships
Intimate space
Ranges between 18 inches and 4 feet and is the distance we occupy during encounters with friends
Personal space
Ranges from 4 to 12 feet. Many people use it when communicating in the workplace or with acquaintances and strangers
Social space
The distance between persons ranges upward from 12 feet, including great distances, this span occurs when most often during formal occasions such as public speeches or college lectures
Public space
I, P, S, P
Intimate space, personal space, social space, public space
Is the tendency to claim physical spaces as our own to define certain locations as areas we don’t want others to invade without permission
Territoriality
(Or monochronic) orientation value careful scheduling and time management
M-time
In contrast to M-time, people who have a______(or poly-chronic) orientation don’t view time as a resource to be spent, saved, or guarded
P-time
Intentional or unintentional nonverbal behaviors that display actual or feigned emotions
Affect displays
The feeling of closeness and “union” that exist between us and our partners
Intimacy
Refers to the interpersonal behaviors we use to exert power and influence over others
Dominance
In contrast to dominance, ______ is the willingness to allow others to exert power over us
Submissiveness
Is the process that occurs when people perceive that they have incompatible goals or that someone is interfering in their ability to achieve their objectives
Conflict
In which combatants hurl insults and actuations at each other that have little to do with original disagreement. From the expression, throwing everything at them but the kitchen sink.
Kitchen-sinking
The ability to influence or control people and events
Power
Power may be balanced (example, friend to friend) or imbalanced (example, manager to employee, parent to young child). When power is balanced,_____result
Symmetrical relationships
Power may be balanced (example, friend to friend) or imbalanced (example, manager to employee, parent to young child). When power is balanced, symmetrical relationships result. When power is imbalanced, _____ are the outcome.
Complementary relationships
Your work supervisor grabs inventory you were stocking and says, “no-do it this way! “Even though you were doing it properly. According to______, people with only moderate power are most likely to use controlling communication. Because their power is limited, they can’t always be sure they’re going to get their way. Hence they feel more of a need to wield power in noticeable ways.
Dyadic Power Theory
To acquire power, you must possess or control some form of_, a resource that other people value
Power currency
Includes material things such as money, property, and food. If you possess material things that someone else needs or wants, you have resource power over them.
Resource currency
Compromises special skills or knowledge. The more highly specialized and unique the skill or knowledge you have, the more expertise power you possess.
Expertise currency
A person who is linked with a network of friends, family, and acquaintances with substantial influence has_
Social network currency
Personal characteristics-beauty, intelligence, charisma, communication skill, sense of humor-that people considered desirable constitute
Personal currency
When you share a close bond with someone that no one else shares. If you have a unique intimate bond with someone- lover, friend, or family member-you possess_power over him or her.
Intimacy currency
Cultures also differ widely in the degree to which people view the unequal distribution of power as acceptable, known as
Power-distance
Ignoring the conflict, pretending it isn’t really happening, or communicating indirectly about the situation.
Avoidance
A person avoids a conflict by changing the topic or joking about it.
Skirting
Communicating in a negative fashion and then abandoning the encounter by physically leaving the scene or refusing to interact further. You’re fighting with your brother through Skype, when he pops off a nasty comment (“I see you’re still a spoiled brat! “) And signs off before you have a chance to reply
Sniping
Repressed irritation grows as the mental list of grievances we have against our partners builds.
Cumulative annoyance
The perception that a conflict exists when in fact it doesn’t. For example, you mistakenly think your romantic partner is about to break up with you because you seen photos of him or her arm in arm with someone else on Facebook.
Pseudo-conflict
One person abandons his or hers own goals and acquiesces to see the desires of the other person
Accommodation
An open and clear discussion of the goal clash that exists and the pursuit of one’s goal without regard for others goals.
Competition
A dramatic rise in emotional intensity and increasingly negative and aggressive communication.
Escalation
Is characterized by actuations of mistrust, yelling, crying, and becoming verbally or physically abusive.
Reactivity
Treating conflict as a mutual problem-solving challenge rather than something that must be avoided, accommodated, competed over, or reacted to.
Collaboration
The sudden withdrawal of one person from the encounter.
Separation
Occurs when one person gets his or her way by influencing the other to engage in accommodation and abandon goals
Domination
Both parties change their goals to make them compatible
Compromise
The two sides preserve and attain their goals by developing a creative solution to their problem
Integrative agreements
People agreeing to change the basic rules of understandings that govern their relationship to prevent further conflict-may result.
Structural improvements
Occur when people get so angry that they suddenly declare the end of the relationship, even though breaking up wasn’t a possibility before the conflict.
Sudden-death statements
Statements that are honest in content but have been kept hidden to protect a partners feelings.
Dirty secrets
A series of unresolved disputes, all having to do with the same issue.
Serial arguments
Which one partner in a relationship demands that his or her goals be met, and the other partner responds by withdrawing from the encounter
Demand-Withdraw patterns
Whereby individuals stop discussing relationship issues out of fear of their partners negative reactions
Chilling effect
