Week 1-4 Flashcards
- is a process, 2. uses messages, 3. occurs in contexts, 4. happens via channels, 5. requires media
Communication
Messages communicate through channels (sender + receiver)
Linear
Two-way street (read-Backloop)
Interactive
Continuous loop
Transactional
The process through which people use messages to generate meanings within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media.
Communication
Is the “package “of information that is transported during communication.
Message
When people exchange a series of messages, whether face-to-face or online, the result is called?
Interaction
We communicate with others at ballgames, while at work, and then household kitchens.
Contexts
Is the sensory dimension along which communicators transmit information.
Channel
Communication is an activity in which information flows in one direction, from a starting point to an end point.
Linear communication model
The individual (S) who generates the information to be communicated, packages it into a message, and chooses the channel (S) for sending it.
Sender
Factors in the environment that impede messages from reaching their destination.
Noise
The person for whom a message is intended and to whom the message is delivered.
Receiver
Transmission is influenced by two additional factors, feedback and fields of experience.
The interactive communication model
Is comprised of the verbal and nonverbal messages that recipients convey to indicate their reaction to communication.
Feedback
Consist of beliefs, attitudes, values, and experiences that each participant brings to a communication event.
Fields of experience
Suggest that communication is fundamentally multidirectional.
The transactional communication model
Is a dynamic form of communication between two (or more) people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships.
Interpersonal communication
It involves pairs of people, or dyads. You chat with your daughter while driving her to school, where you exchange a series of Facebook messages with the long-distance friend.
Dyadic
Communication involving only one person, in the form of talking out loud to oneself or having a mental “conversation” inside one’s head.
Intrapersonal communication
Exchanges that have a ineligible perceived impact on our thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships. For example, you’re watching TV with your lover, and one of you casually comments on an advertisement that is annoying.
Impersonal communication
Are desires you have to present yourself in certain ways so that others perceive you as being a particular type of person.
Self presentation goals
Particular aims you want to achieve or task you want to accomplish through a particular interpersonal encounter.
Instrumental goals
Building, maintaining, or terminating bonds with others.
Relationship goals
To referred to any interaction by means of social networking sites, email, text or instant messaging, Skype, chat rooms, and even massively multiplayer video games like World of Warcraft.
Online communication
Broadly and inclusively as an established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people.
Culture
An enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to others that exist along a continuum ranging from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality and that includes various forms of bisexuality.
Sexual orientation
Develops over lifetime.
Self
Self-awareness, self concept, self-esteem.
Three parts to self
Defines who you are (answer questions of who am I) labels response from other people.
Self-concept
Given who I am, what do I think about myself value (+ or -) assigned to ourselves.
Self-esteem
The public self present to the world.
Face
Designed to conceal to self.
Mask
Information we share with others.
Self-disclosure
Is the ability to step outside yourself (so to speak) view yourself as a unique person distance from your surrounding environment, and reflect on your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Self-awareness
Observing and assigning meaning to others behavior and then comparing it against ours.
Social comparison
Is your overall perception of who you are (“on the whole, I am a____person “).
Self-concept
Cooley called the idea of defining ourselves-concepts through thinking about how others see us
Looking glass self
Our self-concept often lead us to make___, predictions about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that ensure the interaction unfolds as we predicted.
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Suggest that your self-esteem is determined by how you compare to two mental standards (Higgins, 1987). The first is your ideal self, the characteristics you want to possess based on your desires.
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Individuals are low on both anxiety and avoidance, they’re comfortable with intimacy and seek close ties with others.
Secure attachment
Adults are high in anxiety and low in avoidance, they desire closeness, but are played with fear of rejection
Preoccupied attachment
People with low anxiety but high avoidance have a
Dismissive attachment
Adults are high in both attachment anxiety and avoidance.
Fearful attachment
You likely were taught that individual goals are more important than group or societal goals.
Individualistic culture
You like we were taught the importance of belonging to groups or “collectives “that look after you in exchange for your loyalty.
Collectivistis culture
Whenever you communicate with others, you present a public self-your____that you want others to see and know.
Face
A public self designed to strategically veil your private self
Mask
Losing face provokes feelings of shame, humiliation, and sadness-in a word
Embarrassment
When assessing someone’s online self, descriptions, we considered the_____,The degree to which the information is supported by other people and outside evidence.
Warranting value
The idea that revealing himself to others involves peeling back or penetrating layers was first suggested by psychologist Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor (1973) in their_____. Like Shrek, Alterman and Taylor envisioned the self as an “onion-skin structure “consisting of sets of layers
Social penetration theory
Peripheral layers-age. Intermediate layers-musical tastes. Central layers-values, treats, fears.
Social penetration theory
The feelings of closeness and “union” that exist between us and our partners.
Intimacy
The closeness we feel toward others in our relationship is created through two things, Self-disclosure and responsiveness of listeners to disclosure. Relationships are Intimate when both partners share private information with each other and each partner response to the others disclosure with understanding, caring, and support.
Interpersonal process model of intimacy
Process by which recovering and sensory information-selecting, organizing, interpreting
Perception
Focus attention on certain stimuli in the environment.
Selection
Assigning a meaning
Interpretation
The degree to which particular people or aspects of their communication attract our attention is known as
Salience
You take that information and structure it into a coherent pattern inside your mind, a phrase of the perception process known as
Organization
Structuring the information you’ve selected into a chronological sequence that matches how you experience the order of events.
Punctuation
As we organize information we have selected into a coherent mental model, we also engage in___, Assigning meaning to that information.
Interpretation
In addition to drawing on our own schema to interpret information from interpersonally encounters, we create explanation for others comments or behaviors known as____.
Regard something as being caused by (someone or something
Attributions
The tendency to attribute others’ behaviors silly to internal causes (the kind of person they are) rather than the social or environmental force’s affecting them
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency of people to make external attributions regarding their own behaviors.
Actor-observer effect
Our primary compulsion during initial interactions is to reduce uncertainty about our communication partners by gathering enough information about them so their communication becomes predictable and explainable.
Uncertainty reduction theory
When you grow evaluating certain cultural beliefs, attitudes, and values as your own, you naturally perceive those who share these with you as fundamentally similar to yourself-people you consider
In groupers
In contrast, you may perceive people who aren’t similar to yourself as
Out groupers
Is an individuals characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and acting, based on the traits, enduring motives and impulses-that here she possesses.
Personality
Personal beliefs about different types of personalities and the ways in which traits clustered together
Implicit personality theories
Mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them
Interpersonal impressions
A general sense of a person that’s either positive or native
Gesalt
When Gesalts are formed, they are more likely to be positive the native, an effect known as the
Positivity bias
We place emphasis on the negative information we learn about others, a pattern known as the
Negativity fact
This tendency to positively interpret what someone says or does because we have a positive gestalt of them is known as the
Halo effect
The counterpart of the Halo effect is the___, the tendency to negatively interpret the communication and behavior of people from home we have negative gasalts
Horn effect
By carefully evaluating each new thing we learn about a person.
Algebraic impressions
We “feel into “others’ thoughts and emotions, making an attempt to understand their perspectives and be aware of their feelings in order to identify with them.
Empathy
The belief that one’s own cultural beliefs, ideas, values, and practices are superior to those of others.
Ethnocentrism
Acceptance of and respect toward other cultures beliefs, values, and customs.
World-mindedness
To improve your perception, as Malcolm X you have to rearrange your thought patterns and toss aside previous conclusions when they prove to be wrong.
Perception-checking
S J D A F S
Primary emotions: Surprise Joy Discuss Anger Fear Sadness
Is it intense reaction to an event that involves interpreting event meeting, becoming physiologically aroused, labeling the experience as emotional, managing reactions, and communicating through emotional displays and disclosures.
Emotion
We talk about our emotional experiences with others, a form of communication known as
Emotion sharing
When the experience of the same emotion rapidly spreads from one person to others.
Emotional contagion
Are short-term emotional reactions to events that generate only limited arousal, they typically do not trigger attempts to manage their experience or expression
Feelings
Are low intensity states such as boredom, content meant, grouchiness, or serenity-that are not caused by particular event and typically last longer than feelings or emotions
Moods
Emotions that involve unique and consistent behavioral displays across cultures
Primary emotions
In other situations, an event may trigger two or more primary emotions simultaneously, resulting in experience known as
Blended emotions
When people in a given culture agree about which forms of emotion management and communication are socially desirable and appropriate, these norms are called
Display rules
O C E A N
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion agreeableness Neuroticism
R
E
B
T
Rational
Emotive
Behavior
Therapy
- call to mind a common situation that led you to be upset. 2. identify irrational beliefs about yourself and others that are tied to these situations. 3. consider the emotional, behavioral, and relational consequences that you suffer as a result of these beliefs-native outcomes that you would like to change. 4. critically challenge these beliefs-disputing their validity. 5. identify more accurate and realistic beliefs about yourself, others, and the world Outlot large that cause more positive emotional, behavioral, and relational outcomes, and embrace these beliefs fully.
Rational emotive behavioral therapy 5 steps
The ability to interpret emotions accurately and to use this information to manage emotions, communicate them competently, and solve relationship problems
Emotional intelligence
Involves attempts to influence which emotions you have, when you have them, and how you experience and express them
Emotional management
Involves inhibiting thoughts, arousal, and outward behavioral displays of emotion
Suppression
Allowing emotions to dominate our thoughts and explosively expressing them
Venting
Staying away from people, places, or activities that you know will provoke emotions you don’t want to experience
Encounter avoidance
Intentionally avoiding specific topics that you know will provoke unwanted emotion during encounters with others
Encounter structuring
Intentionally devoting your attention only two aspects of an event or encounter that you know will not provoke an undesired emotion
Attention focus
Systematically desensitizing yourself to emotional experience
Deactivation
Actively changing how you think about the meaning of emotion eliciting situations so that their emotional impacts is changed
Reappraisal
Always expressing anger can cause physical and mental problems, you put yourself in a near-constant state of arousal and negative thinking known as
Chronic hostility
The assumption that venting will rid you of anger is rooted in the concept of
Catharsis
In cases are something or someone has already triggered anger within you, consider using the___, Count to 10 before you speak or act if you are very angry count to 100.
Jefferson strategy
Then intense sadness that follows a substantial loss, known as___
Grief
Sharing messages that express emotional support and that offer personal assistance
Supportive communication
