Week 5-7 Flashcards
Give an example: Nominal level of measurement
Ethnic group- Chinese
Gender- male, female
Give an example: Ordinal level of measurement
University grades- pass, credit, D, HD
T-shirts- S, M, L, XL
Give an example: Interval/Discrete level of measurement
IQ scores
Temperature
Give an example: Ratio/Continuous level of measurement
Height
Give an example: Categorical Data
Nominal and Ordinal
Give an example: Continuous data
Interval and Ratio
Explain: Nominal level of measurement
classifies objects or events into discrete categories not measured or ordered
Explain: Ordinal level of measurement
shows relative ranking of objects or events in hierarchical order
Explain: Interval/ Discrete level of measurement
differences between scores or measures treated as equal—zero is arbitrary
Explain: Ratio/Continuous level of measurement
shows ranking of events or objects on scales with equal intervals and absolute zero; the zero point makes the ratio of scale values meaningful
Descriptive Results/Statistics
Name the 3 ways data is described?
1) By measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median)
2) By measures of dispersion (variabiltiy)
3) By measures of association (frequency)
What are the 3 measures of Central Tendency?
Mean- average
Median- middle score (divided scores are equal halves)
Mode- score that occurs the most
Define: Statistics
are a way of organising and making sense of data obtained by measurement
Explain: Descriptive Statistics
allow us to describe our sample in a comprehensive way without drawing any statistical inferences from the data
Explain: Inferential Statistics
Provides procedures to draw inferences about a population from a sample
e.g. deciding whether the data collected shows differences and patterns (parametric and non parametric)
Define: Measures of Central Tendency
A single central score that can be used to describe the centre of a distribution of scores
Define: Variability (dispersion)
is concerned with the spread of the data
Common measures are
- Range
- Variance
- Standard deviation
Measures of Variability
Define: Range
simplest and most unstable measure of variability
Measures of Variability
Define: Variance
permits mathematical manipulation of different scores and includes every score in the distribution
Measures of Variability
Define: Standard Deviation
the most frequently used measure based on the concept of the normal curve
Explain: Inferential statistics
Inferential statistics enable inferences and conclusions to be drawn from the data
- is based on probability theory and permits the generalisation from a specific sample, or samples, to the entire population
If research results are Inferential, the results are about what 2 types of significance?
Statistical significance
Clinical significance
Define: p-value
probability due to chance
p=0.05
- In simpler terms if p<0.05 there is a 95% chance that the result was due to the experiment OR alternately, there is a 5% chance that it was merely coincidence.
What is the common measure of variability used for estimation?
the Confidence Interval
Explain: Confidence interval
CI gives the range in which the true value is likely to be
- the 95% suggests the degree of certainty of the estimation
What is Clinical Significance?
is when the treatment effect (confidence interval) is equal or more than the MID (minimal important difference)
Qualitative Research
Explain: Phenomenology
Focuses on peoples lived experiences (their interpretations and understanding in their everyday life)
- Can be descriptive and interpretive
Qualitative Research Designs
Explain: Ethnography
Is the study of cultures and subcultures
- the beliefs, values, language and attitudes that influence the behaviour patterns of a specific group of people
Qualitative Research Design
What are the features of Ethnography
Focuses on group behaviours, interactions and art if acts
- uses a variety of data sources but must inc. interview and participant observation- fieldwork
Qualitative Research Design
Explain: Grounded Theory
Often used when the topic is about change or nature of findings are unclear
- flexible and exploratory
- generates questions along the way
Quantitative Research
What are the 4 types Non-probability Sampling
Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling
Snowball sampling
Theoretical sampling
Quantitative Research- Non-probability sampling
Explain: Convenience sampling
Participants are chosen for ease of access (because its convenient)
Quantitative Research- Non-probability sampling
Explain: Purposive sampling
Participants are chosen because of relevance to the research question
Quantitative Research- Non-probability sampling
Explain: Snowball sampling
This relies on participant referrals
Quantitative Research- Non-probability sampling
Explain: Theoretical sampling
Used for theory and concept development
What is the rule of thumb for sample sizes in the various Qualitative studies
Biography/case study- 1 person/case
Phenomenology- 10-15 people
Grounded theory/ethnography- 20-30 people
Focus groups- 5-10 people in each group
Define: Statistical power
refers to whether the sample size is large enough to detect a treatment effect
Define: Likert scale
is an exmaple of a fixed response format used to determine participants attitude or opinion.
Eg. questionnaire with answers as statement so agree to disagree
Explain: T-test
independent groups t-test tests for differences in mean outcome between two mutually exclusive groups
Explain: Chi-square
is a non-parametric statistic that is used to determine whether the frequency in each category under study is different from what would be expected if there was no association between the categories
Define: Data saturation
The point at which data collection ceases, and you do not have any more new information, information gathered has become repetitive.
What is the 4 criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of Qualitative studies
Credibility- truth of findings
Auditability- accountability as judged by the adequacy of information
Fittingness- faithfulness to everyday reallity of the participants
Confirmability- findings that reflect implementation of all 3 criteria
