Week 13-14 Flashcards
Define: Research utilisation
is the mechanism used to translate knowledge generated by research into clinical practice
What is the criteria for research utilisation
Revelance + Rigour and applicability + Implementation
What are some barriers to research utilisation
- Lack of confidence and skill in accessing and evaluating research
- Insufficient time to read research
- Lack of authority to effect change
Define: Autonomy
Autonomy is the freedom to determine one’s own actions
Define: Beneficence
The ethical principle of beneficence involves doing good, as well as preventing and removing potential harms
Define: Justice
The ethical principle of justice requires fairness in dealing with others. In research, this means the risks and benefits of the study should be distributed fairly among participants
Define: Risk/Benefit
Some forms of research have the potential to produce a benefit to a patient against the context of risk
EXAMPLE
a patient with cancer might choose to be part of an experimental treatment that offers some hope of remission. However, a researcher must not understate the potential risks of the experimental treatment nor overstate any potential positive outcomes. If, on the other hand, the risk–benefit ratio shows that the risks outweigh the benefits, then it will be difficult to justify exposing participants to those risks
Define: Privacy
Privacy refers to keeping matters concealed and ensuring they are not widely known or made public
Define: Coding
Transforming the raw data into a standardised layout for analysis, through identifying and labelling recurrent words, themes or concepts. The type of coding varies with the research design
Define: Thematic analysis
This style of analysis treats the data set as a mass of infor¬mation that can be best understood as a whole, rather than by breaking it up into small abstracted sections. The analysis process is about understanding the overall themes in the data set
What are the 4 criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of Qualitative studies
Credibility
Auditability
Fittingness
Confirmability
Qualitative studies
Define: Credibility
Truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline
Qualitative studies
Define: Fittingness
Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants, described in enough detail so that others in the discipline can evaluate importance for their own practice, research and theory development.
Qualitative studies
Define: Confirmability
Findings that reflect implementation of credibility, auditability and fittingness standards
Define: Content analysis
A type of analysis where the researcher counts and reports the frequency of concepts/words/behaviours found in the data.
Define: Audit trail
care is taken to record the decisions made, particularly regarding design plan¬ning, sampling, data collection methods and analysis decisions
Define: Peer analysis checking
where peers check either the acceptability of data analysis or of the research process overall.
Define: Member checking
where researchers seek to claim trustworthiness by checking the descriptions, categories, concepts or theory produced with the par¬ticipants for approval and acceptance.
Define: Ethical considerations
Strict legal and ethical guidelines researchers must adhere to when undertaking research studies to ensure absence or minimisation of harm, trauma, anxiety and discomfort to participants
What is the role of the Human Research Ethics Committees
- Ensure conformity to ethical guidelines
- Monitor studies
- Follow-up actions & surveillance
- Have authority to approve, reject or stop studies or request modifications
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) under which the Australian Human Ethics Committee (AHEC) has been formed
- All human research must be submitted to an ethics committee before data collection occurs
What are ethical principles
- informed consent and autonomy
- Privacy and confidentiality
- Justice and rights
- Beneficence and non-maleficence
What are the elements of informed consent
- voluntary participation
- right to withdraw at any time without penalty
- being advised of any foreseeable risks or discomfort that may result from participating in the study
- acknowledgement of any potential benefits resulting from study findings and conclusions
- assurance of confidentiality
- details about who to contact for further information
What are participants rights
Participants have the right to:
- full disclosure
- knowledge of how the findings will be disseminated
- to be free from coercion
- withdraw at any time without penalty
Define: Non-maleficence
Doing no harm
Data categories that are exclusive but cannot be compared or rank ordered is..
Nominal measurement
Data categories that can be ranked but the differences between the ranks are not necessarily equal is..
Ordinal measurement
Mutually exclusive categories of data that have equal spaces between intervals, an absolute zero and rank ordering
Ratio measurement
Mutually exclusive categories of data and rank ordering, but no absolute zero
Interval measurement
What is the mean of the following numbers? 3, 6, 3, 2, 6
4
Qualitative data analysis generally consist of..
searching for themes
What is the term used to describe the value around which scores in a set tend to cluster
Central tendency
Gender, ethnicity, employment status and marital status are examples of what level of measurement
Nominal
Age is an example of what level of measurement
Ratio
Which qualitative research design would most likely be used to conduct a study that aimed to investigate the lived experience of women who have undergone a mastectomy?
Phenomenology
What reasoning is applied in qualitative research?
Inductive reasoning
True or False
The qualitative researcher attempts to control the environment in which the study is taking place and manipulate the independent variable.
False
True or False
Researcher acts as an instrument to collect data in qualitative research
True
In qualitative research, ______________ refers to the steps taken to ensure the accuracy and authenticity of the data collected.
Credibility
What is the term used in qualitative research to describe whether the findings “fit” into contexts outside of the study situation?
Transferability
What are the advantages of using non-probability sampling?
requires less time and resources
less expensive
Which qualitative research design would most likely be used to conduct a study that sought to develop a theory to explain the acquisition of nursing knowledge by new graduate nurses?
Grounded Theory
What paradigm underpins qualitative researchers’ point of view?
Relativism
Which qualitative research design would most likely be used to conduct a study that sought to explore the culture of nurses employed in Emergency Departments?
Ethnography
Qualitative research design
Focuses on the world view of a cultural group
Ethnography
Qualitative research design
Study of the lived experience
Phenomenology
Qualitative research design
Develops theoretical propositions about social-psychological processes.
Grounded theory
Observation techniques are most commonly used in what Qualitative design
Ethnography
Constant comparative data analysis involves:
cyclical collection of data with simultaneous coding and analysis by comparison with other data, followed by further data collection and analysis and so on.
What is the most common method used for collecting qualitative data
Interview
Repeatedly returning to the data, e.g. undertaking a preliminary analysis, using that to guide the next phase of data collection, and continuing in this manner until data collection is complete. Is known as…
an iterative process
What is the term used to describe the presence of adequate documentation to trace the researchers’ process of data collection and analysis?
Audit trail
True or False
The main benefit of this method of data collection is the generation of data from multiple participants which are often a larger sample size compared to individual interview studies
True
The concept that study participants have the right to self-determination and to choose whether or not they will participate in a study is known as the principle of…
Respect for persons
True or False
All research studies are subject to ethical approval
True
Research participants have the right to freedom from harm, potential injury, disability or death as a result of their participation in research. This is known as the principle of..
non-maleficence
Confidentiality of information about participants can be enhanced by..
Avoiding the collection of identifying information
The principle that all research participants should be treated equally is known as
Justice
Many research projects select only English speaking participants to reduce costs and minimise the need for translation of study materials. Which ethical principle should be considered before such a decision is made?
Justice
