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Research Principles for Nursing & Midwifery > Week 13-14 > Flashcards

Week 13-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Research utilisation

A

is the mechanism used to translate knowledge generated by research into clinical practice

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2
Q

What is the criteria for research utilisation

A

Revelance + Rigour and applicability + Implementation

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3
Q

What are some barriers to research utilisation

A
  • Lack of confidence and skill in accessing and evaluating research
  • Insufficient time to read research
  • Lack of authority to effect change
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4
Q

Define: Autonomy

A

Autonomy is the freedom to determine one’s own actions

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5
Q

Define: Beneficence

A

The ethical principle of beneficence involves doing good, as well as preventing and removing potential harms

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6
Q

Define: Justice

A

The ethical principle of justice requires fairness in dealing with others. In research, this means the risks and benefits of the study should be distributed fairly among participants

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7
Q

Define: Risk/Benefit

A

Some forms of research have the potential to produce a benefit to a patient against the context of risk

EXAMPLE
a patient with cancer might choose to be part of an experimental treatment that offers some hope of remission. However, a researcher must not understate the potential risks of the experimental treatment nor overstate any potential positive outcomes. If, on the other hand, the risk–benefit ratio shows that the risks outweigh the benefits, then it will be difficult to justify exposing participants to those risks

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8
Q

Define: Privacy

A

Privacy refers to keeping matters concealed and ensuring they are not widely known or made public

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9
Q

Define: Coding

A

Transforming the raw data into a standardised layout for analysis, through identifying and labelling recurrent words, themes or concepts. The type of coding varies with the research design

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10
Q

Define: Thematic analysis

A

This style of analysis treats the data set as a mass of infor¬mation that can be best understood as a whole, rather than by breaking it up into small abstracted sections. The analysis process is about understanding the overall themes in the data set

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11
Q

What are the 4 criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of Qualitative studies

A

Credibility
Auditability
Fittingness
Confirmability

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12
Q

Qualitative studies

Define: Credibility

A

Truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline

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13
Q

Qualitative studies

Define: Fittingness

A

Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants, described in enough detail so that others in the discipline can evaluate importance for their own practice, research and theory development.

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14
Q

Qualitative studies

Define: Confirmability

A

Findings that reflect implementation of credibility, auditability and fittingness standards

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15
Q

Define: Content analysis

A

A type of analysis where the researcher counts and reports the frequency of concepts/words/behaviours found in the data.

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16
Q

Define: Audit trail

A

care is taken to record the decisions made, particularly regarding design plan¬ning, sampling, data collection methods and analysis decisions

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17
Q

Define: Peer analysis checking

A

where peers check either the acceptability of data analysis or of the research process overall.

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18
Q

Define: Member checking

A

where researchers seek to claim trustworthiness by checking the descriptions, categories, concepts or theory produced with the par¬ticipants for approval and acceptance.

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19
Q

Define: Ethical considerations

A

Strict legal and ethical guidelines researchers must adhere to when undertaking research studies to ensure absence or minimisation of harm, trauma, anxiety and discomfort to participants

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20
Q

What is the role of the Human Research Ethics Committees

A
  • Ensure conformity to ethical guidelines
  • Monitor studies
  • Follow-up actions & surveillance
  • Have authority to approve, reject or stop studies or request modifications
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) under which the Australian Human Ethics Committee (AHEC) has been formed
  • All human research must be submitted to an ethics committee before data collection occurs
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21
Q

What are ethical principles

A
  • informed consent and autonomy
  • Privacy and confidentiality
  • Justice and rights
  • Beneficence and non-maleficence
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22
Q

What are the elements of informed consent

A
  • voluntary participation
  • right to withdraw at any time without penalty
  • being advised of any foreseeable risks or discomfort that may result from participating in the study
  • acknowledgement of any potential benefits resulting from study findings and conclusions
  • assurance of confidentiality
  • details about who to contact for further information
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23
Q

What are participants rights

A

Participants have the right to:

  • full disclosure
  • knowledge of how the findings will be disseminated
  • to be free from coercion
  • withdraw at any time without penalty
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24
Q

Define: Non-maleficence

A

Doing no harm

25
Q

Data categories that are exclusive but cannot be compared or rank ordered is..

A

Nominal measurement

26
Q

Data categories that can be ranked but the differences between the ranks are not necessarily equal is..

A

Ordinal measurement

27
Q

Mutually exclusive categories of data that have equal spaces between intervals, an absolute zero and rank ordering

A

Ratio measurement

28
Q

Mutually exclusive categories of data and rank ordering, but no absolute zero

A

Interval measurement

29
Q

What is the mean of the following numbers? 3, 6, 3, 2, 6

A

4

30
Q

Qualitative data analysis generally consist of..

A

searching for themes

31
Q

What is the term used to describe the value around which scores in a set tend to cluster

A

Central tendency

32
Q

Gender, ethnicity, employment status and marital status are examples of what level of measurement

A

Nominal

33
Q

Age is an example of what level of measurement

A

Ratio

34
Q

Which qualitative research design would most likely be used to conduct a study that aimed to investigate the lived experience of women who have undergone a mastectomy?

A

Phenomenology

35
Q

What reasoning is applied in qualitative research?

A

Inductive reasoning

36
Q

True or False

The qualitative researcher attempts to control the environment in which the study is taking place and manipulate the independent variable.

A

False

37
Q

True or False

Researcher acts as an instrument to collect data in qualitative research

A

True

38
Q

In qualitative research, ______________ refers to the steps taken to ensure the accuracy and authenticity of the data collected.

A

Credibility

39
Q

What is the term used in qualitative research to describe whether the findings “fit” into contexts outside of the study situation?

A

Transferability

40
Q

What are the advantages of using non-probability sampling?

A

requires less time and resources

less expensive

41
Q

Which qualitative research design would most likely be used to conduct a study that sought to develop a theory to explain the acquisition of nursing knowledge by new graduate nurses?

A

Grounded Theory

42
Q

What paradigm underpins qualitative researchers’ point of view?

A

Relativism

43
Q

Which qualitative research design would most likely be used to conduct a study that sought to explore the culture of nurses employed in Emergency Departments?

A

Ethnography

44
Q

Qualitative research design

Focuses on the world view of a cultural group

A

Ethnography

45
Q

Qualitative research design

Study of the lived experience

A

Phenomenology

46
Q

Qualitative research design

Develops theoretical propositions about social-psychological processes.

A

Grounded theory

47
Q

Observation techniques are most commonly used in what Qualitative design

A

Ethnography

48
Q

Constant comparative data analysis involves:

A

cyclical collection of data with simultaneous coding and analysis by comparison with other data, followed by further data collection and analysis and so on.

49
Q

What is the most common method used for collecting qualitative data

A

Interview

50
Q

Repeatedly returning to the data, e.g. undertaking a preliminary analysis, using that to guide the next phase of data collection, and continuing in this manner until data collection is complete. Is known as…

A

an iterative process

51
Q

What is the term used to describe the presence of adequate documentation to trace the researchers’ process of data collection and analysis?

A

Audit trail

52
Q

True or False

The main benefit of this method of data collection is the generation of data from multiple participants which are often a larger sample size compared to individual interview studies

A

True

53
Q

The concept that study participants have the right to self-determination and to choose whether or not they will participate in a study is known as the principle of…

A

Respect for persons

54
Q

True or False

All research studies are subject to ethical approval

A

True

55
Q

Research participants have the right to freedom from harm, potential injury, disability or death as a result of their participation in research. This is known as the principle of..

A

non-maleficence

56
Q

Confidentiality of information about participants can be enhanced by..

A

Avoiding the collection of identifying information

57
Q

The principle that all research participants should be treated equally is known as

A

Justice

58
Q

Many research projects select only English speaking participants to reduce costs and minimise the need for translation of study materials. Which ethical principle should be considered before such a decision is made?

A

Justice

Research Principles for Nursing & Midwifery (3 decks)

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