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Research Principles for Nursing & Midwifery > Week 1-4 > Flashcards

Week 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Primary motive for engaging with research based information?

A

Is to reduce clinical uncertainty

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2
Q

Define: Proporsitional

A

Formal, explicit, derived from research and scholarship

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3
Q

Define: non-proporsitional

A

Informal, implicit, derived primarily through practice

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4
Q

Who defined evidence-based medicine

A

Sackett 1996

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5
Q

Define: Evidence-based practice

A

Is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to facilitate clinical decision making (Sackett)

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6
Q

What were the 3 names in the history of EBP

A

Sackett
Cochrane
Charmers

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7
Q

Define: Primary sources

A

Original research/studies

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8
Q

Define: Secondary sources

A

These refer to, include or combine original research studies

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9
Q

Define: Paradigm

A

Is a research approach based on the research question and the purpose of the study

(Is a world view)

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10
Q

What are the 3 main research paradigm approaches

A

Positivist approach
Critical approach
Interpretive approach

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11
Q

Research Paradigms

Explain: Positivist approach

A

Truth is discovered through objective, deductive reasoning, traditional and scientific tests
- quantitative, rct, epidemiological methods

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12
Q

Research Paradigms

Explain: Critical approach

A

Takes an emancipatory view of the world

- qualitative, critical social theory

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13
Q

Research Paradigms

Explain: Interpretive approach

A

The researcher believes in the existance of multiple truths rather than a single truth (qualitative, constructivist (naturalistic))
- phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography

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14
Q

When is a PIC used

A

For a Qualitative research question

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15
Q

What does PIC stand for in a Qualitative question

A

P- population
I- interest (defined event, experience etc)
C- context (is the setting or distinct characteristic)

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16
Q

Define: Research question

A

Is a questions about the relationship between 2 or more concepts

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17
Q

Why is a research question important

A

Its the foundation of the research study

- its the first step in any research project

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18
Q

Matching research questions with a research approach

Exploratory
Explanatory

A

Exploratory- Qualitative

Explanatory- Quantitative

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of Variables

A

Independent- is the variable that determines, influences, or produces the change in the other main variable
Dependent- this variable is dependent on or influenced by the independent variable
Extraneous- refer to other variables that may affect the dependent variable

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of Hypotheses

A

Null hypothesis

Research hypothesis

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21
Q

Explain: Null Hypothesis (H0)

A

It assumes equality and represents no relationship between variables

(Operates as the comparison for the research hypothesis)

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22
Q

Explain: Research Hypothesis (H1)

A

It provides a definitive statement that there is in fact a relationship between the independent and dependent variables

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of Research Hypotheses

A

Non-directional hypothesis- a difference is acknowledge but no specific direction is implied

Directional hypothesis- we state the direction of the relationship between 2 variables

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24
Q

Explain: Sampling

A

takes a portion of a population as representative of that population

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25
Q

In sampling- what must be mentioned in the research paper

A

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

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26
Q

Explain: probability sampling

A

Is the least bias of all sampling methods, there is no subjectivity and each member of the total population has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion of a study
- used for quantitative research

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27
Q

Explain: non-probability sampling

A

Is a sampling method where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population an equal chance of being selected
- mainly used in qualitative research (can be used in quant)

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28
Q

List the 4 different techniques of Probability sampling

A
  • simple random sampling
  • system random sampling
  • stratified random sampling
  • cluster random sampling
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29
Q

Define: Random Sampling

A

Is the technique for participant selection for a study

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30
Q

Define: Random Allocation

A

Refers to how the already selected participants are allocated to treatment groups

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31
Q

Probability sampling

Give examples: Simple random sampling

A
  • rolling a dice
  • pulling names out of a hat
  • using computer programs to randomly select names from a list
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32
Q

Probability sampling

Give examples: Systematic random sampling

A

Are chosen in an organised systematic way

Eg. Selecting every 3rd student on a roll for inclusion into a study

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33
Q

Probability sampling

Give examples: Stratified random sampling

A

Are typically from naturally splits into non-overlapping portions/sub groups in a population Eg. Males and females
Researcher chooses their ‘sub groups’ and from those, individuals are randomly selected from each sub group

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34
Q

Probability sampling

Give examples: Cluster random sampling

A

When natural groupings are evident in a population. Total population are divided into clusters.

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35
Q

Define: Sample size

A

Relates to how many participants are needed for a study

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36
Q

List some of the Quantitative data collection methods

A
  • Physiological or biological measurement
  • Observation
  • Interviews and questionnaires (surveys)
  • Records
  • other documents
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37
Q

Quantitative data collection methods

Explain: physiological measurement

A

Suited to clinical issues, inc. effectiveness of practices/interventions
- objective and generally considered reliable

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38
Q

Quantitative data collection methods

Explain: observation

A

Quantitative observation suited to complex situations that are difficult to measure in parts

Structured- tools/rating scale are used by the observer who watches participants and records behaviour
Unstructured- there is no tool to guide observation process, observer writes free text field notes of their observations

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39
Q

Quantitative data collection methods

Explain: interviews

A

Are conversations between researcher and study participant (Qual & Quant)
- are usually focused and follow a structured timeline/template

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40
Q

Quantitative data collection methods

Explain: Questionaires

A

Is a tool used to gather information.

- can be closed or open ended questions and reduces ambiguity

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41
Q

Quantitative data collection methods

Explain: records and other documents

A

Are time saving and cost saving, however the quality of the data cannot be verified

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42
Q

Define: Validity

A

The extent to which an instrument measures what it is suppose to measure

43
Q

Define: Positivism

A

refers to a philosophical position that reflects the traditional scientific approach of objective observation, prediction and testing of causal relationships

44
Q

Define: Research Consumers

A

Are the people who use the research findings

45
Q

Define: Research Design

A

refers to the planning of the research, the selection of methodology or design and associated methods for identifying and recruiting the sample/ participants, collecting and analysing data

46
Q

Define: Epistemiology

A

is the theoretical study of knowledge Research Philosophy

involved in the search for knowledge and truth(s). It provides a focus for the study

47
Q

Define: Ontology

A

is the study of existence. It provides the ‘world-view’ that guides the study (e.g. ‘What is the nature of reality?’, ‘What is it like to be a human being?’)

48
Q

Define: Bibliographical databases

A

are software packages designed to create your own reference library

49
Q

Define: Null Hypothesis

A

Assumes equality and represents no relationship between variables
-Operates as the comparison (or benchmark) for the research hypothesis

50
Q

Define: Operational definitions

A

refers to measurements used to observe or measure a variable and to the delineation of the procedures or operations required to measure, analyse or evaluate a concept

51
Q

Define: Grey Literature

A

is a term used to refer to evidence that may exist in a format that is often hard to find using a bibliographical index such as CINAHL or PubMed.

52
Q

Define: Research Question

A

Is a question about the relationship between 2 or more concepts

53
Q

Define: Variables

A

Is any property of a person, thing, event, setting and so on that is not fixed

54
Q

Research is guided by what 3 concepts

A

Ontology
Epistemology
Methodology

55
Q

The first step of the research process involves:

A

Identifying the problem/issue

56
Q

The practice of evidence based medicine means…

A

integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research.

57
Q

True/False

All nurses and midwives need to be consumers of research.

A

True

58
Q

Define: Inductive reasoning

A

The type of reasoning where you begin with the component parts and build them into a whole

59
Q

Define: Deductive reasoning

A

The type of reasoning when you start with the whole and break it down into the component parts

60
Q

Define: Evidence generation

A

A term used to describe conducting research to generate new knowledge

61
Q

What type of paradigm is associated with quantitative research

A

Positivism

62
Q

What type of paradigm is associated with qualitative research

A

Relativism, Contructivism, Interpretive

63
Q

Define: Pragmatism

A

A philosophical approach that asserts that the nature of the individual research problem should influence the methods used to explore it.

64
Q

Give an example: That explain the 3 types of variables

A

Pot of water on a stove
Independent variable- Stove (heat)
Dependent variable- pot of water
Extraneous variable- pot type, material used, thickness

From a Research Question:
“Do women retain more information about breastfeeding through verbal communication compared to written pamphlets”
Independent variable- written pamphlet and verbal communication
Dependent variable- retention of BF information
Extraneous variable- women’s understanding of english, attention etc

65
Q

What do we mean when we refer to the significance of the research problem

A
  • The level of impact the research problem has in clinical practice
  • its importance or its implications for practice
66
Q

Define: Research idea

A

refers to the initial problem or phenomena identified by the researcher

67
Q

Define: Research problem

A

refers to the refinement of a research idea into an examinable research statement, question or hypothesis

68
Q

Define: Research ‘problem’ statement

A

Should reflect a refinement of the researchers initial thinking.
- Its includes the research idea, problem and research question

69
Q

What type of hypothesis is this? “There is association between year of experience and retention rate among registered nurse.

A

Non-directional hypothesis

70
Q

What type of hypothesis is this? “Relaxation techniques can improve quality of life of patients with cancer.”

A

Directional hypothesis

71
Q

True/False

Hypotheses are only used in quantitative research

A

True

72
Q

True/False

The research design is driven by the research question, not the other way around.

A

True

73
Q

What are the 3 types of Quantitative research designs

A

Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Observational

74
Q

Quantitative Research Design

Describe: Experimental

A
  • Experimental
  • Treatment vs control
  • Randomisation
  • used to test cause-and-effect relationships
75
Q

Quantitative Research Design

Describe: Quasi-Experimental

A
  • Treatment vs control
  • No randomisation
  • able to test cause-and-effect relationships
  • internal validity threatened (lack of control) which weakens causal inference
76
Q

Quantitative Research Design

Describe: Observational design

A

are used when a researcher wishes to construct a picture of a phenomenon or explore events, people or situations as they naturally occur in the environment.

  • The aim is therefore to observe and identify variables of interest and explore relationships between those variables in the environment)
77
Q

Quantitative research

Define: Manipulation

A

refers to the researcher introducing the independent variable (treatment/intervention) only into the “treatment group” (not control group)

78
Q

What is the Gold Standard for testing cause-and-effect relationships in research

A

Randomised Controlled Trials

79
Q

Quantitative research

Describe: Correlational studies

A
  • This design used to quantify the strength of the relationship between variables
  • cannot test cause-and-effect relationship
  • examines relationships between pairs of variables as well as comparisons between groups
80
Q

Quantitative research

Describe: Cross sectional studies

A
  • This design is also called ‘descriptive’ or ‘analytic’

- Uses inferential statistics to infer a relationship between two or more variables

81
Q

Quantitative research

Describe: Case-control studies

A
  • Study direction is retrospective
  • is an epidemiological approach examining participants on the basis of a study outcome (clinical characteristic, condition or disease)
  • studies are unable to draw a causal link between the two variables.
82
Q

Quantitative research

Describe: Cohort studies

A
  • Used to examine relationships retrospectively and prospectively
  • An epidemiological approach where the direction is from the exposure to the outcome, or cause to presumed effect
83
Q

Quantitative Research

Define: Control

A

Is the presence of constants in a study
inc. controlling for extraneous variables, using comparison (control) groups, and implementing an explicit study protocol

84
Q

Define: Reliability

A

Is the reproducibility of the results of a procedure or tool

85
Q

(Reliability)

What are the 3 types of reliability

A

Test-retest reliability
Inter-rater reliability
Internal consistency (homeogenaity)

86
Q

Types of reliability

Define: Test-retest reliability

A

To establish that a measurement instrument is capable of obtaining the same results with consistancy

87
Q

Types of reliability

Define: Inter-rater reliability

A

Is the stability of data recorded by more than one individual in one trial/study

88
Q

Types of reliability

Define: internal consistency/homeogenaity

A

Is when:
The scores within a scale where there are number of items or questions that are used to measure a construct, in these scales we need to ensure all of the items are reliably or consistently measuring the same thing

89
Q

Whats the purpose of Inclusion/Exclusion criteria

A

control for any bias or extraneous variability

90
Q

Explain: The study sampling technique

A

it tells you whether you can apply the study results into the clinical area with confidence

91
Q

The extent to which the findings can be generalised beyond the sample is referred to as…

A

External validity

92
Q

What type of instrument measures what it is suppose to measure

A

a valid instrument

93
Q

What type of instrument measures the variable consistently, dependably and accurately

A

a reliable instrument

94
Q

Whether the intervention has a measureable effect on the outcome is known as…

A

internal validity

95
Q

The term “Cronbach’s alpha” is used to express ______ of an instrument

A

reliability of an instrument

96
Q

What are commonly used in quantitative research for data collection

A

Questionnaires

97
Q

Qualitative Terms- Rigour

Define: Auditability

A

The presence of a decision trail with sufficient detail to allow a second researcher to follow the decision making and reach the similar conclusions to the original researcher.

98
Q

Qualitative Terms- Rigour

Define: Credibility

A

Steps taken to ensure the accuracy, authenticity and validity of the data.

99
Q

Qualitative Terms- Rigour

Define: Transferability

A

Whether or not the findings of the research are applicable to settings outside the research site.

100
Q

Qualitative Terms- Rigour

Define: Data Saturation

A

No new information is yielded from additional data collection.

101
Q

Define: Meta-analysis

A

Is a series of statistical tests used for pooling the results of several empirical studies that have the same hypothesis, to asses the statistical and clinical importance/significance.
(Secondary analysis in systematic reviews)

102
Q

Define: Generalisability

A

is the extent to which the results of research can be generalised to other samples or situations (External validity)

103
Q

Explain: Likert scale

A

Example of a fixed response format used to determine a participants attitude or opinion. Eg. Agree, strongly agree etc

104
Q

Explain: Random Selection

A

Refers to how sample members are selected form the population for inclusion in the study.

Research Principles for Nursing & Midwifery (3 decks)

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