Week 5 Flashcards
Why do SP need to understand phonetics?
- Understand how speech sounds are made and produced to know how to classify and describe speech sounds
- Children commonly make speech errors as part of typical development
- Other individuals may continue to have difficulties producing certain speech sounds or acquire difficulties following injury, disability and illness
It is essential that speech pathologists are able to identify between appropriate and inappropriate speech errors and to understand how and why errors are made
What do speech sounds do?
- Speech is the primary mode of communication for most humans
- The ability for complex speech is uniquely human
- At the same time the production of speech sounds is incredibly complex
- Speech reveals emotional states, social identities and personal histories
- All words have a string of sounds
- 43 approx. speech sounds
All words are a combination of speech sounds
What is the process of speech production?
Respiration:
- Built upon the respiratory system and adequate breath support
- Speech sounds require breath (pulmonic airstream)
Speech commences with the inflation of the lungs:
- The expansion of the lower ribs and diaphragm leads to the inflow of air (inhalation)
- This is an active process, requiring active engagement of the muscles of the ribcage and diaphragm
- Relaxation of the inspiratory muscles causes the air to be pushed out of the lungs (exhalation)
Speech requires controlled release of the airflow
What is Phonation?
- Airstream moves from the lungs through the larynx
- Larynx contains vocal folds (folds of tissue) and the glottis (the opening between the vocal folds)
- The passing air through the glottis causes the repeated blowing apart and closing of the vocal folds
- The cycle of vocal folds opening and closing causes repeated vibrations. Vibrations create buzzing sounds
- The cycle of vocal fold opening and closing occurs approx. 100 times per second
- Phonation refers to the movement of the vocal folds due to the airstream from the lungs. This is what causes voice
There are both voiced and unvoiced sounds
What is articulation?
- Allows us to get from buzzing sounds to words
Articulation is the coordinated set of movements of the articulators (e.g. tongue, lips, jaw, soft palate, alveolar ridge, teeth) with particular timing and intensity to produce desired vocal tract shapes
Describing and Transcribing speech sounds: Vowels and Consonants
- Words in all languages consist of vowels and consonant sounds
- Vowels and consonants have different articulatory properties
- Consonants are produced with greater restriction in the vocal tract
- Vowels often produced with unimpeded vocal track
We use IPA (international Phonetics Alphabet) to document and transcribe the speech sounds of languages
What is a phoneme?
The basic sound units of a language (e.g. the sounds s, b, t. Different languages have different sets of phonemes, Australian English has its own vowel and consonant phonemes
What is phonetics?
Refers to the study of the physical nature of speech sounds. Includes how sounds are produced
What is transcription?
Refers to the process of recording the spoken words of the speaker
What is phonetic transcription?
the process of recording the phonemes that a speaker uses. Does not seek to capture detailed variation and nuances in the production of individual spoken sounds (e.g. the individual differences in the way individuals might produce certain speech sounds such as s, t, ) Utterances that have been phonemically transcribed (broad transcription) are included in /……./
Transcribing and describing consonants:
- Consonants are generally produced with greater restriction in the vocal tract than vowels
- Consonants are made with and without voicing (vibration of the vocal folds)
Consonants also often occur at the start/end of syllables
- Consonants are described by characteristics of place, manner and voicing
Most consonants are recorded in pairs. The voiceless consonant is on the left and the voiced consonant on the right
What is a place of articulation?
Place of articulation refers to the location of the major articulation in the mouth
What are the main places of articulation? (BLAPP VG)
Bilabial, Labiodental, Alveolar, Post-alveolar, Palatal, Velar, Glottal
What is Bilabial POA
Involving the upper and lower lip (/p/, /b/, /m/)
What is Labiodental POA
Involving the upper teeth contact with lower lip (e.g. /f/, /v/)
What is Alveolar POA
Involving the tongue contacting the alveolar ridge (e.g. /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/)
What is Post-alveolar POA
Created by the tongue blade articulating with the back of the alveolar ridge (e.g. z, ch, sh, dj, r)
What is Palatal POA
Involving the tongue touching the hard palate (e.g. /j/ as in you)
What is Velar POA
Involving the back of your tongue contacting your soft palate (e.g. /k/, /g/, ng, w)
What is Glottal POA
Made by the constriction of the vocal cords which affects the characteristics of the glottis (e.g. /h/) no other oral articulation
What is a manner of articulation? How many types are there?
Manner of articulation refers to the nature of the constriction in the oral cavity used to produce the speech sound
In English there are 5 main types of manner articulation:
What are the manners of articulation? (SNAAF)
Stops, Nasals, Fricatives, Affricates, Approximates
What are Stops MOA
Made by complete blocking, or stopping of the breath stream, sometimes referred to as plosives. 6 stops in the English language. Include: p, b, t, d, k, g
What are Nasal MOA
Made by making complete occlusion of the oral cavity with airflow out of the nose. 3 nasals in the English language. Include: m, n, n
What are Fricatives MOA
Made by making the constriction of the airway, resulting in the turbulent airflow. There are 9 fricatives. Include: /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/.
What are Affricates MOA
Speech sounds made by the gradual release of a stop into a fricative. There are 2 affricates. Include: The /tʃ/ (as in “church”) and /dʒ/ (as in “joy”)
What are approximates MOA
Created with more open articulators than the other consonants and usually voice. Sometimes referred to as semi-vowels. In English there are 4 approximates. Include:
/w/ – “wet” and “howard” – back of tongue raises to velum
/j/ – “yes” and “bayou” – tongue raises to hard palate
/ɹ/ – “right” and “roar” – tongue raises to hard palate
l - Low, (central approximate)
What is voicing:
- Voicing refers to the state of the larynx
- Speech sounds are either classified as voiced or voiceless
- Voice sounds: vocal fold vibration is present
- Unvoiced sounds: no vocal fold vibration
What are unvoiced/voiceless consonants?
- Most consonants come in pairs of voice and unvoiced
- e.g. /t/ unvoiced alveolar stop
- /d/ voice alveolar stop
- /p/ unvoiced bilabial stop
- /b/ bilabial stop
What are the two types of vowels?
Monothong, Dipthong
What is a monothong vowel?
A single vowel with a single articulatory movement. Monothongs are short in sounds e.g. e in bed
What is a Dipthong vowel
A single vowel comprising of 2 separate articulatory movements. Dipthongs are longer in sound e.g. aei in bait
What is liquid and glide?
Liquid: Open vowel like but the tongue produces partial closure with mouth
Glide: Open-vowel like
What are the crossovers with POA and MOA
Bilabial Stop: P, B
Bilabial Nasal: M
Labiodental Fricative: F, V
Dental Fricative: θ (thaw) ,ð (Thou)
Alveolar Stop: T, D
Alveolar Nasal: N
Alveolar Fricative: S, Z
Alveolar lateral approximate: L
Postalveolar affricate:
ʤ (jaw), /ʧ/ (Chore)
Postalveolar Fricative: ʃ (shore), 3 (azure)
Postalveolar Central approximant: r (Upside down) (raw)
Palatal central approximant: j (your)
Velar stop: K, G
Velar fricative: ŋ (song)
Velar central approximant: W
Glottal Fricative: H
What are the monothong vowels and they’re symbols
i: - Beat
I- Bit
e - Bet
e: - bared
æ - Bat
ɐ: - Part
ɐ - But
ɔ - Pot
o: - Bought
u - Put
ʉ: - Boot
3: Pert
ə: The
What are the dipthong vowels and their symbols
æɪ - Bait
ae - Bite
OI - Boyd
æɔ - Bout
əʉ - Boat
ɪə - Beard
