week 5

Question 1

factors under the experimenters control are known as _______, factors held consistent are _____, and behaviours/factors measured are ______

Answer 1

Independant, extraneous, dependant

Question 2

all manipulated independant variables must have a minimum of ___ levels

Answer 2

two (comparison between two situations/conditions at least)

Question 3

categories of manipulated independent variables

Answer 3

• situational: features in enviro ppl may encounter
• task: give ppl different problems to solve
• instructional: telling diff groups to perform task different ways

Question 4

experimental vs control group

Answer 4

• experimental: treatment is present, manipulated
• control: treatment withheld, gives a comparison baseline

Question 5

confound

Answer 5

• uncontrolled extraneous variable that can change outcome

Question 6

extraneous varibales

Answer 6

• researchers try to control them
• any variable not being studied/of interest
• can influence behaviour if not controlled properly

Question 7

t or f: when a study has a confound, the results are due to the effect of the confounding variable

Answer 7

false, due to confounding variable OR IV, no way of knowing which one

Question 8

Ceiling and floor effects

Answer 8

• ceiling: average scores for groups are so high no difference can be determined between conditions (ex easy DV)
• floor: all scores low bc task is too difficult for everyone

Question 9

t or f: anything can be any one of the three types of variables, depending on the framing of the research

Answer 9

true

Question 10

subject variables

Answer 10

• already existing characteristics of the participant (ex. race, age, gender, class etc)
• similar to nonprobability studies

Question 11

when the term IV is used broadly it refer to ____ but when used narrowly it refers to ____

Answer 11

subject and manipulated variables, only manipulated variables

Question 12

t or f: when subject variables are present you can still make causation conclusions

Answer 12

false, When subject variables are present, all we can say is that the groups performed differently on the dependent measure.

Question 13

extent to which researcher uses stats properly and draws appropriate conclusions

Answer 13

statistical conclusion validity

Question 14

factors reducing statistical conclusion validity

Answer 14

• wrong stat test used
• reliability of measures used

Question 15

construct validity in terms of experimental research

Answer 15

• adequacy of operational definitions of IV and DV

Question 16

external validity

Answer 16

• how research findings can be generalized beyond the context of the experiment

Question 17

research results should generalize to other _____, ____ and ______

Answer 17

populations, times, and environments

Question 18

_____ ______ is research that is relevant for everyday cognitive activities of ppl trying to adapt to their environment

Answer 18

ecological validity

Question 19

internal validity

Answer 19

how sound and confound free an experiment is

Question 20

threats to internal validity for studies over time (pre and post tests)

Answer 20

• history and maturation
• regression to the mean
• testing and instrumentation (measurement instrument changes)

Question 21

regression to the mean

Answer 21

• if you choose a random number, you may choose an outlier and the next number you choose to compare to may be closer to the mean

Question 22

threats to internal validity (participant problems)

Answer 22

• subject selection effects (groups are NOT equivalent in all ways minus the DV, confound not accounted for)
• attrition (not all participants finish the study, some drop out/die)

Question 23

problems with internal validity show problems with ___ and those with external validity shoe problems with _____

Answer 23

confounds, generalizability