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Research Methods > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

when were psych lab and methodologies established

A

late 19th to early 20th centuries

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2
Q

what are the people used in studies who know about the study but fake being in it called

A

Confederates

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2
Q

three ways of knowing

A
  • authority
  • reason
  • empiricism
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3
Q

how to recognize pseudoscience

A
  • side steps falsification requirements
  • reduces complex phenomena to overly simplistic concepts
    -relies on anecdotal evidence
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4
Q

goals of research in psychology

A
  • describe
  • predict
  • explain
  • apply
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5
Q

what is knowledge of the world derived from

A
  • use of reason
  • experiences and how we interpret them
  • reliance on authroity
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6
Q

what is empiricism and why is it important

A
  • learning through direct observation and learning from them
  • important: authorities can be wrong, reasonable arguments in the absence of empirical evidence are unproductive, social cognition biases
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7
Q

Confirmation bias

A
  • tendency to seek and pay attention to info in support of ones belief, also ignoring info that contradicts
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8
Q

belief perseverance

A
  • tendency to hold onto a belief, even if faced w evidence that would convince most ppl that the belief is false
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9
Q

availability heuristic

A
  • overestimating how often an unusual or very memorable event may typically occur
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10
Q

assumptions of research psychologists abt behaviour

A
  • lawful, predictable
  • can use scientific method to make predictions
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11
Q

science being verifiable by more than one observer means it is ____

A

objective

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12
Q

Emphasis on objectivity led to a shift from using _____ as a method to using methods that ______

A

introspection, measure specific behaviours

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13
Q

science requires conclusion about the causes of behaviour to be _____

A

data based

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14
Q

empirical question

A
  • answerable through use of recognized scientific methods
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15
Q

pseudoscience

A
  • characterized by deliberate attempt to associate itself w true science despite a lack of evidence
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16
Q

visual cliff studies

A
  • eleanor gibson
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17
Q

APA developed its code of ethics ____, using a critical incidents procedure

A

empirically

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18
Q

code for researching human participants consists of:

A
  • specific standards of behaviour
  • general principals guiding behaviour of psychologists
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19
Q

APA code for researching on human subjects

A
  • cost-benefit analysis of degree of risk imposed on participants w scientific value
  • informed consent
  • special care w children and ppl prone to coercion
  • participants are free to withdraw and assured confidentiality
  • debrief
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20
Q

responsibilities for institutional review boards

A
  • ensure research studies w human subjects are following ethics code and federal law
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21
Q

apa guidelines for research w animals

A
  • care and humane treatment
  • guidance in choosing appropriate experimental procedures
  • use of animals for research and educational purposes
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22
Q

data falsification

A
  • manufacturing/altering data
  • discovered often after repeated failure to replicate findings
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23
Q

forms of scientific fraud

A
  • plagiarism
  • data falsification
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24
Q

_____ research allows greater control, _____ research allows for close approximated real life situations

A

Laboratory, field

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25
Q

theories

A
  • summarize and organize existing knowledge
  • provide a basis for making predictions
  • provide a working explanation abt some phenomena
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26
Q

t or f: the relationship between theory building and research is one sided

A

false, reciprocal

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27
Q

theories in psychology are useful bc they generate _____ that increases our understanding of ____

A

research, behaviour

28
Q

good theories are ______ and are precise enough to be ____ by well designed research

A

parsimonious, falsified

29
Q

what is probability sampling attempting to achieve

A

a good sample

30
Q

common ex of probability sampling

A
  • simple random sample
  • stratified sample
  • cluster sample
31
Q

common forms of NON probability sampling

A
  • quota sampling
  • purposive sampling
  • snowball sampling
32
Q

stratified sample

A

ensures important subgroups in population are represented proportionally in the sample

33
Q

simple random sample

A

every member of population has equal chance of being selected

34
Q

cluster sample

A
  • used when it is impossible to know all of the members of the population
35
Q

quota sample

A

researchers divide population into groups then arbitrarily choose participants from each group

36
Q

purpose sampling

A
  • specific group is targeted
37
Q

snowball sampling

A
  • subjects recommend others known to them as additional subjects in the study
38
Q

behaviours measured in psychological research range from _____ to _____ to _____

A

overt actions, self-reports, physiological recordings

39
Q

high quality measures of behaviours are both ___ and ____

A

reliable and valid

40
Q

reliable

A
  • repeatable and low in measurement error
  • consistant
41
Q

valid

A
  • accurately measuring what is intended to be measured
42
Q

confidence in validity increases if it has ___ and ___ validity or also ___ and ___ validity

A
  • content, criterion
  • convergent, discriminant
43
Q

content validity

A

measure makes sense

44
Q

Criterion validity

A

measure predicts future outcomes well

45
Q

construct validity

A

measurement used is a good measure of construct being studied

46
Q

convergent validity

A

scores on the measure are related to other measures of same construct

47
Q

discriminant validity

A

measure the lack of association among constructs that are supposed to be different

48
Q

four scales of measurements

A
  • nominal
  • ordinal
  • interval
  • ratio
49
Q

nominal scale

A
  • categories are identified and frequency of occurrences/category in main research interest
50
Q

ordinal scale

A
  • measurement categories from a rank order along continuum
51
Q

interval scale

A
  • intervals between numbers on scale are all equal in size
52
Q

ratio scale

A
  • measurement has natural/absolute zero and allows comparison of absolute magnitudes of numbers
53
Q

traditionally, psychologists rely on __ and ___ scales bc of the wider range of statistical analyses when using the scales

A

interval, ratio

54
Q

descriptive statistics def

A
  • calculated for the sample of participants
  • provides summary of results w measurements of central tendency and variability
55
Q

measurements of descriptive stats

A
  • central tendency (mean, median, mode)
  • variability (range, STDev, variance, INT QR)
56
Q

type 1 and 2 errors

A
  • type 1: null hypothesis is rejected but should not have been (find smth when smth does not exist)
  • type 2: true effect exists but no stat significance found in study (exists but was not found)
57
Q

for data outliers

A
  • meduans and INT QR substitute for mean and STDev
58
Q

inferential stats

A
  • allow decisions abt results of study, are they due to chance factors or appear to reflect genuine relationship that can be applied to larger population
59
Q

effect size

A
  • measure of strength of relationship between two variables
  • extent of an experimental effect
60
Q

confidence interval

A
  • stat range
  • given probability
  • takes random error into account
61
Q

a stat test has power if chances are high it will detect a _______

A

true effect

62
Q

an experiment in psych involves:

A
  • establishing independent variables
  • controlling extraneous variables
  • measuring dependent variables
63
Q

Independent variables are the ___ or ___ under the direct control of the researcher

A
  • experimental conditions, comparisons
64
Q

extraneous variables

A
  • factors that are not of interest to the researcher
65
Q

failure to control extraneous variables leads to a problem called ____

A

confounding

66
Q

dependent variables are behaviours measured that are defined _____

A

operationally

67
Q
A

Research Methods (10 decks)

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