Week 5

Question 1

How can we define statistics?

Answer 1

The common method used to draw reliable conclusions from quantitative data

Question 2

What is the confidence interval (CI)?

Answer 2

A measure of how confident we are in our results - typically we adopt a confidence level of 95% and calculate a range

Question 3

What is the difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics?

Answer 3

Descriptive is means, modes etc but inferential is correlations and forming a hypothesis

Question 4

What is nominal data?

Answer 4

Categorical data

Question 5

What is ordinal data?

Answer 5

Ordered or ranked data with undefined distance between steps. For example, is ice cream tasty/neutral/not tasty?

Question 6

What is interval data?

Answer 6

Ordered data with equal distance between steps

Question 7

What is standard deviation?

Answer 7

The mean deviation from the mean - a measure of how dispersed the data is

Question 8

What is the difference between interval data and ratio data?

Answer 8

Ratio data has a defined 0

Question 9

How are interval and ratio data often grouped?

Answer 9

Parametric or contiguous

Question 10

What is hypothesis testing?

Answer 10

Defining a hypothesis and a null hypothesis with the goal of determining if we can reject the null hypothesis

Question 11

What does a significant result mean, given a significance level of 5%?

Answer 11

The chance of getting the results we get, even is the null hypothesis is true, is below 5%

Question 12

What is a Type 1 error?

Answer 12

Reject a true null hypothesis (false positive)

Question 13

What is a Type 2 error?

Answer 13

Accept a false null hypothesis (false negative)

Question 14

Which type of errors are we more likely to accept?

Answer 14

We accept a higher risk of type 2 errors, in order to have a lower risk of type 1 errors

Question 15

What is a T-test?

Answer 15

Used to test if the mean is different from a reference value - provides a 95% CI

Question 16

What is an independent sample T-test?

Answer 16

Provides a 95% CI of THE DIFFERENCE

Question 17

What is the difference between an independent sample t-test and a paired sample t-test?

Answer 17

A paired sample test is usually used to test differences from pre-post tests, for example after a measure is implemented

Question 18

What is one way to assess distribution form in normal distribution tests?

Answer 18

Looking at curves in graphs

Question 19

What is a CHI2 test?

Answer 19

Used to test if the frequency of observations is different from some reference frequency (commonly even distribution)

Question 20

What does a return value of 1 mean in a correlation test?

Answer 20

Perfect correlation

Question 21

What does a return value of -1 mean in a correlation test?

Answer 21

No correlation

Question 22

What does positive results bias mean?

Answer 22

Research is prone to favour positive outcomes

Question 23

What is p-hacking?

Answer 23

Shotgunning statistical tests until something comes back positive

Question 24

What is thematic analysis?

Answer 24

A systematic procedure for generating codes and themes from qualitative data

Question 25

What is the difference between open and closed analysis?

Answer 25

Whether you have decided on the themes in advance or if you identify them during the analysis