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ISOM > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Biotin fxn

A

cofactor for carboxylation rxns

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2
Q

Folic acid fxn

A

Vitamin B9; cofactor (tetrahydrofolate) for 1 carbon transfers in biosynthesis of AAs

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3
Q

This vitamin is needed to prevent neural tube defects.

A

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

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4
Q

Vitamin C

A

collagen formation, CT maintenance, antioxidant

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5
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine; TPP (cofactor); decarboxylation rxn

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6
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin; active forms are FAD and FMN; redox rxns

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7
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin; NAD+ and NADP+; repair UV light damage; redox rxns

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8
Q

Role of Vitamin B6

A

transamination; active form is PLP which is involved in glycogenolysis

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9
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin; methylmalonyl CoA mutase (breakdown odd-numbered fatty acids); methionine synthesis

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10
Q

Vitamin B5

A

pantothenic acid; CoA; acyl transfer

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11
Q

Which vitamin is derived from Tryptophan?

A

Niacin (vitamin B3)

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12
Q

The PDH complex requires the cofactors:

A

TPP (thiamine), FAD+, Lipoic Acid, NAD+, and CoA

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13
Q

A deficiency in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) will cause:

A

*abnormal AA metabolism
*2nd pellagra
*microcytic anemia

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14
Q

What causes deficiency in vitamin B6?

A

primary deficiency is rare; seen in women on OC and alcoholics

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15
Q

Define electrogenic.

A

A net charge of movement across a cell membrane.

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16
Q

The negative Vm potential of neurons develops bc

A

the non-zero membrane permeability for K+ moves Vm closer to Veq

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17
Q

This vitamin’s function is gamma carboxylation of glutamate residues and to activate clotting factors.

A

Vitamin K

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18
Q

This vitamin’s function is important for bone and calcium homeostasis.

A

Vitamin D

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19
Q

This vitamin’s function is important for retinols

A

Vitamin A

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20
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin causes night blindness.

A

Vitamin A

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21
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin causes rickets and osteomalacia.

A

Vitamin D

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22
Q

Without Vitamin B12 there would be a ____ in the body.

A

accumulation of fatty acids

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23
Q

A deficiency in Vitamin B12 can be caused by:

A

*not eating enough animal protein
*diseases of ileum (like Crohn’s disease)
*pancreatic insufficiency
*pernicious anemia

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24
Q

chondroitin sulfate role in the body

A

support for collagen and CT; deficiency leads to osteoarthritis

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25
Q

Dermatan sulfate role in the body

A

flexibility for skin, blood vessels, and heart valves

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26
Q

Keratan sulfate role in the body

A

cornea

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27
Q

Heparin/Heparan sulfate

A

anticoagulant

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28
Q

What are the products and substrates of the glutamate dehydrogenase rxn?

A

Glutamate –> alpha-keto acid + NH3

29
Q

Where do the two nitrogens come from in the molecule of urea?

A

*Aspartate
*free NH4+ from glutamate

30
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the rate limiting step in the urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSI)

31
Q

Where do the first two rxns of the urea cycle take place?

A

mitochondria

32
Q

What is the name of the cofactor that is needed for activation of the CPSI?

A

N-acetylglutamate

33
Q

Why is hyperammonemia deadly?

A

the increase in ammonia will deprive alpha ketoglutarate from the TCA cycle

34
Q

Ketogenic AAs

A

Leucine, Lysine; can be metabolized to produce acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA which are precursors to ketone bodies

35
Q

Which AAs are both ketogenic and gluceogenic?

A

Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

36
Q

What are the products of metabolism of glucogenic AAs?

A

fumarate, succinyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, alpha ketoglutarate, pyruvate

37
Q

Which AAs enter TCA cycle as oxaloacetate?

A

Asparagine, Aspartate

38
Q

Which enzyme is deficient in disease phenylketonuria?

A

phenylalanine hydroxylase; high [Phe] causes mousey odor, hypopigmentation, and CNS symptoms

39
Q

Which enzyme is deficient in disease alkaptonuria?

A

homogenic acid oxidase; homogenic acid can be present in the urine which causes it to turn black one it touches air (oxidized)

40
Q

Which enzyme is deficient in disease classic homocystinuria?

A

cystathionine synthase; causes high [met] and [Hcy] which can have symptoms of brittle bones and eye issues

41
Q

Which enzyme is deficient in disease maple syrup urine disease?

A

alpha keto acid dehydrogenase

42
Q

Which AAs will accumulate in maple syrup urine disease?

A

Isoleucine, lysine, valine

43
Q

For muscle grading, what is a normal score?

A

5

44
Q

For muscle grading, what is moves with gravity eliminated?

A

2

45
Q

For cardiac grading, what is a normal score? and what is the range?

A

2+; 0-3+

46
Q

What is the range for muscle grading score?

A

0-5

47
Q

What is the grading response for a reflex with clonus?

A

4+ (scale is 0-4+)

48
Q

Hyperkalemia will ____ the resting membrane potential.

A

raise (make more positive)

49
Q

Catecholamines (epi/nor-epi) stimulate the ____ in the liver, _____ in skeletal muscle, and ____ in adipose tissue.

A

glycogenolysis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis

50
Q

Type I diabetes is characterized by ______, ________ and _______.

A

hyperglycemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia and ketonemia

51
Q

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by ______ and _____.

A

hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia

52
Q

Which vitamin is most closely involved in the clotting cascade?

A

Vitamin K

53
Q

What is the total energy requirement for gluconeogenesis?

A

4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 GTP

54
Q

Which AAs are involved in O-linked glycoproteins?

A

Serine, Tyrosine

55
Q

Which AA is involved in N-linked glycoproteins?

A

Asparagine

56
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexor carpi radialis m.?

A

median n.

57
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

radial n.

58
Q

What type of nerve fibers are generally found in the lateral horns of the spinal cord?

A

sympathetic nerves

59
Q

The nipple line can be found within which dermatome?

A

T4

60
Q

Deficiency of which of the following vitamins can affect activity of the PDH complex and cause edema, cardiac failure, and/or peripheral neurologic dysfunction?

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine); TPP cofactor

61
Q

What disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B3 (niacin)?

A

Pellagra

62
Q

What disease is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine)?

A

Beriberi

63
Q

Aldolase converts _____ to ______.

A

F1,6-BP to G3P

64
Q

What 3 molecules are the only 3 that are allosterically regulated in glycolysis?

A

hexokinase, PFK-1, pyruvate kinase

65
Q

Name 3 ketone bodies.

A

acetoacetic acid, acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid

66
Q

Cholesterol derived from the liver is delivered to peripheral tissues by:

A

LDL

67
Q

Which molecule acts as the carrier to move acetyl-CoA across the mitochondrial membrane for fatty acid biosynthesis?

A

Citrate

68
Q

How are long chain FAs moved into the mitochondria for fatty acid beta oxidation?

A

Carnitine Shuttle

69
Q
A

ISOM (5 decks)

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