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MSA Organ Systems I > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are drugs?

A

Drugs are substances that cause physiologic effects in the body.

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2
Q

What are the steps that a drug goes through a body system? AKA Pharmacokinetics?

A

1) Absorption (e.g small intestine)
2) Distribution (Drug Allocation)
3) Metabolism (e.g. liver)
4) Excretion (e.g. feces)

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3
Q

List the routes of administration of drugs:

A

Oral, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), intrathecal, rectal, and transdermal routes.

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4
Q

What is a drug’s bioavailability?

A

Bioavailability describes how much of a drug reaches the bloodstream, which can be influenced by the route of administration.

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5
Q

True/False: the anti-cancer drug Tamoxifen is one of those drugs that needs to be metabolized in order to be physiologically active.

A

True

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6
Q

If _______ is what the body does to the drug, then _______ is what the drug does to the body.

A

Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics

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7
Q

What is the difference between drug potency and efficacy?

A

Potency is a measure of the amount of drug required to reach a desired effect, whereas efficacy is the maximal response achieved by a drug at any dose.

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8
Q

The _______ measures differences between minimal effective plasma drug concentrations and minimal toxic plasma drug concentrations.

A

Therapeutic window

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9
Q

The ______ is a ratio of the median dose that produces a toxic effect to the median dose that produces a desired effect.

A

Therapeutic index TI

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10
Q

The resting membrane potential describes the potential difference across a membrane in between ________.

A

Action potentials

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11
Q

Dose required to maintain steady state in continuous infusion of medication: _______

A

Maintenance dose.

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12
Q

Maintenance and loading dose depend on factors: 1) ______ 2) _____ 3)_____

A

1) Bioavailability
2) Clearance rate
3) Vd (Volume of distribution)

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13
Q

All viruses have some sort of genetic code, either DNA or RNA, and a protein coat called a _____.

A

Capsid

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14
Q

How are viruses separated into 3 classes?

A

1) DNA viruses
2) RNA viruses
3) Retroviruses

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15
Q

Name some examples of DNA viruses you may encounter.

A

dsDNA viruses: Adenovirus, viral conjunctivitis, poxviruses

ssDNA viruses: Parovirus B19

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16
Q

True/False: Antisense ssRNA is equivalent to mRNA.

A

False it is Sense ssRNA that is.

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17
Q

Name some example of RNA viruses you may encounter.

A

Rabies, measles, and Ebola

dsRNA virus: Rotavirus

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18
Q

Retroviruses are ___ ssRNA viruses. Most famous of these is ___.

A

(+) ssRNA (exclusively ssRNA! does not include dsDNA-RT)

HIV

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19
Q

Retroviruses have the enzyme ______, which transcribes their RNA into DNA.

A

Reverse Transcriptase

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20
Q

What are the 6 steps of a viral infection of a cell?

A

1) Attachment
2) Penetration
3) Uncoating
4) Replication: DNA viruses replicate in nucleus, and RNA viruses EXCEPT influenza replicate in cytoplasm.
5) Assembly: New viral nucleic acids, enzymes, and proteins assemble to form new visions.
6) Release

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21
Q

A virus will ceaselessly find its way into a cell, how it does that is through targeting _____.

A

Receptors!

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22
Q

HIV will target ______ co-receptors presented on CD4 cells.

A

CCR5 and CXCR4

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23
Q

Cytomegalovirus targets host _______ and ______ located on many host cells.

A

Glycoproteins and integrins

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24
Q

2 mechanisms for virus to get into the cell: 1) ______ and 2) ______

A

1) Receptor-mediated endocytosis

2) Fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, releasing the capsid into the cell.

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25
Q

How would (-) ssRNA viruses replicate?

A

Most must introduce an enzyme called RNA replicase which forms (+) ssRNA which can function like the RNA of (+) ssRNA.

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26
Q

Exceptions of the rule! Poxvirus (dsDNA virus) replicates in the _____, while influenza, a ssRNA virus, replicates in the ____.

A

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

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27
Q

Where do DNA viruses and RNA viruses generally replicate?

A

DNA viruses replicate in host nucleus
RNA viruses replicate in cytoplasm.
Generally….

28
Q

Retroviruses not only use the Reverse Transcriptase enzyme to form DNA intermediates, but they also use an enzyme called ______ to integrate DNA intermediates into the host genome.

A

Integrase

29
Q

Which viruses use host membranes as their envelopes through viral budding?

A

Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

30
Q

What is the difference between a persistent and a latent infection?

A

A persistent infection is symptomatic for a prolonged period, such as Hep B. A latent infection is asymptomatic unless reactivated by a trigger.

31
Q

How could a virus benefit from causing inflammation?

A

If a virus is tropic for white blood cells, inflammation would bring more potential host cells nearby.

32
Q

Which class of DNA virus is NOT double stranded (give an example)?

A

ssDNA –> Parvoviridae the only clinically relevant ssDNA virus. It’s so small, that its clothes don’t fit, so it is a “naked” virus.

33
Q

Can viruses have their own RNA Polymerase?

A

Yes!

34
Q

Most DNA viruses have ____ DNA, though there are some viruses that have _____ DNA.

A

Linear

Circular

35
Q

Alternatively, naked DNA viruses will ____ the host cell to cause release.

A

lyse

36
Q

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) presents in patients with such symptoms as pneumonia, ______, and _____.

A

Esophagitis, and retinitis.

37
Q

What are the three classes of RNA viruses, based on the structure of their genetic material?

A

dsRNA, (+) ssRNA, and (-) ssRNA

38
Q

Positive sense single stranded RNA viruses contain RNA that can be ______ translated by a host cell.

A

Directly

Analogous to mRNA

39
Q

How does the RNA of (-) ssRNA viruses differ from that of (+) ssRNA viruses?

A

Negative-sense single stranded RNA (-) ssRNA have RNA that is complimentary to the translatable mRNA. The (-) ssRNA is a complimentary sequence that needs to be transcribed before it can be used for protein synthesis.

40
Q

So how do (-) ssRNA viruses synthesize proteins if human cells do not contain RNA polymerases that transcribe RNA?

A

They have their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase! Once that occurs, host ribosomes are able to translate it into protein used for viral replication.

41
Q

At what step is the viral capsid degraded by viral or host enzymes and the viral genetic material released?

A

Uncoating

42
Q

Viral RNA polymerases do not have ______ abilities like DNA polymerases, resulting in very high mutation rates.

A

Proofreding

43
Q

Replicated viral genome and newly synthesized proteins are packaged to create active virus particles called ____. ________ also occurs during assembly.

A

Virion

Protein modification

44
Q

Where in the host cell do most RNA viruses replicate?

A

Most RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm of the host cell. The exceptions are Orthomyxoviridae and Retroviridae, which replicated in the nucleus.

45
Q

Some (-) ssRNA viruses have segmented RNA, in which their genome is spilt into multiple, smaller pieces. Usually each segment codes for a single protein and can be exchanged between viruses through a process called: ______

A

Reassortment

46
Q

What two structural characteristics are shared by all (-) ssRNA viruses?

A

All (-) ssRNA viruses are enveloped and have a helical capsid.

47
Q

All (+) ssRNA viruses have a(n) ______ capsid and ____RNA.

A

icosahedral and linear RNA

48
Q

Which step of viral replication does maraviroc act on?

A

Acts on entry/fusion step of replication, and it is one of the drugs considered for antiretroviral therapy.

49
Q

For HIV to enter a host cell, it must bind to a receptor on the surface and then fuse. One of these receptors is CCR5. ____ blocks CCR5, which prevents binding of the virus, causing it to be unable to enter the cell.

A

Maraviroc (drug)

50
Q

How does HIV bind to the CD4 molecule?

A

Use of gp-120 to CD4 + co-receptor (CXCR4 and CCR5)

51
Q

________: inhibit reverse transcriptase, chain terminators.

A

Nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

52
Q

________: inhibit reverse transcriptase rendering the elongating DNA strand incomplete and useless. They bind directly to reverse transcriptase, inactivating it. Stop DNA Polymerase from polymerizing.

A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

53
Q

What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors?

A

Viral protease cuts polyprotein chains into functional units, and protease inhibitors stop this final step of viral replication.

54
Q

Why is Type A influenza the most common and severe type?

A

Able to mutate its H and N glycoproteins during replication.

55
Q

Name the two glycoproteins present on Type A and Type B Flu viruses?

A

1) Hemagglutinin and 2) Neuraminidase

56
Q

What is the glycoprotein found on Type C flu virus?

A

Hemagglutinin esterase-Fusion

57
Q

Compare Antigenic Drift vs. Antigenic Shift.

A

AD: Slight changes in genes leads to slight changes in surface proteins.
AS: Major changes, where there is mixture of genes in host leading to Reassortment, which will lead to NEW Hemagglutinin and NEW Neuraminidase.

58
Q

In Influenza viruses, do we need to have RNA Polymerase?

A

Yes. To change to +ssRNA

59
Q

True/False: Both vaccines TIV and LAIV are trivalent.

A

True

60
Q

Two types of treatment for Influenza include 1)_____ and 2)_____.

A

1) Neuraminidase inhibitors; H1N1 commonly resistant

2) M2 proton channel inhibitor; active against Type A only

61
Q

CTLA-4 will ______ bind to B7 to prevent _____ binding. It actually has more affinity for B7!`

A

Competitively bind

prevent CD28

62
Q

In B cell activation, B cells CANNOT activate without input from _____.

A

T cells

63
Q

Cell surface ligand CD45 is helpful in determining various types of T cells. In CD45RA vs. CD45RO, how can you tell which is naive and which is the effector?

A

CD45RA will have all subunits, not spliced

CD45RO has only their exons! They know what they’re looking for, and are ready to attack.

64
Q

During competitive inhibition, we can expect the Km to ____.

A

be high/increase

65
Q

What happens if there is a mutation in the co-receptor of a CD4 T cell when binding to HIV?

A

1) If Homozygous, you will have resistance/immunity, since the virus cannot bind to the cell. Get no HIV
2) If Heterozygous, you will just have a slower disease progression, but still get the disease.

MSA Organ Systems I (8 decks)

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