Week 5

Question 1

What theory was Erickson responsible for

Answer 1

Erikson’s psycho-social theory

Question 2

What do children develop in early childhood

Answer 2

A confident self image
More effective control over emotions
New social skills
Foundations of morality
Gender identity

Question 3

Explain Erickson’s initiative versus guilt

Answer 3

initiative = core ego property of purpose.
Able to broaden skills through play cooperate to meet, goals and lead to follow, built through warm sensitive parenting.

Guilt = core pathology of inhibition
If efforts are criticised, minimised, self initiated efforts become a source of embarrassment; fearful, hang on fringes of groups, over dependence on adults, restricted development of play

Question 4

Explain development of self concet

Answer 4

Emerges at 3-5 years, observable through what they like doing and what they can do. Positive feedback helps to create positive self-concept

Tied to long-term outcomes like health and career

Question 5

Explain emotional development : emergence of empathy

Answer 5

Feeling WITH another
Motivates altruism and pro social behaviour
Related to cognitive development

Question 6

Explain emotional development : emergence of empathy and emotional understanding

Answer 6

Temperament

• Sociability, assertiveness, emotional regulation –> empathy, altruism
• Poor emotional regulation -> overwhelmed by own feelings, less altruistic or empathetic

Role of parenting
- warmth and sensitivity, model empathy, teach importance of kindness, encourage emotional regulation, encourage emotion descriptions and discussion

Question 7

What is empathy

Answer 7

fuels connection, the ability to take on perspective, feeling with people

Question 8

Explain play

Answer 8

Play is behaviour that is intrinsically motivated, freely chosen, process orientated, and pleasurable.
The work of children, enhances all domains of development

Question 9

Explain psychoanalysts, piaget, and vygotsky’s view on play

Answer 9

Psychoanalysts: helps child master anxieties and conflicts

Piaget: AIDS cognitive development, independent discovery, perspective taking and moral development

Vygotsky: development of social rules, self-regulation

Question 10

When is solitary play typical

Answer 10

2 to 3 years

Question 11

Explain the three play categories

Answer 11

functional play: simple repetitive motor movements up to 2 years
Constructive play: creating or constructing something ages 3 to 6
Make-believe play: acting out every day and imaginary roles, usually 2 to 6 years

Question 12

Explain the concept of first friendships and then same-sex friends

Answer 12

First friendships like Mutuality and a mixed gender.
With development there is a preference for same-sex friends. By 4 years 3x more time with same-sex pair. By 6 years 11x more. However opposite sex friendships associated with the host of positive outcomes

Question 13

Explain morality

Answer 13

principles concerning distinction right and wrong behaviour, good versus bad

Question 14

Explain the three components involving morality

Answer 14

cognitive: increase knowledge and acceptance of rules, capacity for moral reasoning.
Behavioural: increase prosocial behaviour (sharing toys)
Effective: increased empathy.

Question 15

Explain the psychoanalytic perspective of moral development

Answer 15

development of superego via identification with same-sex parents. Children obey super ego to avoid guilt. Largely discredited but guilt does play role in development of conscience

Question 16

Explain operant conditioning

Answer 16

positively reinforcing desired behaviour

Question 17

What is punishment effective for

Answer 17

immediate obedience. However it provides an aggressive model. It is correlated with an avoidance of the parent, increased reactive aggression, lack of empathy and increased antisocial behaviour, poor academic achievement

Question 18

Explain inductive discipline

Answer 18

Adult point out consequences of child’s behaviour on others, it involves reasoning about effects of miss behaviour and provides info about the right behaviour. It directs attention to others feelings and a warm induction = prosocial behaviour. Effective from two years

Question 19

Explain time out and time in

Answer 19

Timeout is removal from the situation, reducing opportunities from his behaviour and withdrawal of privileges.

Time in is the removal from the situation, spends time with an adult to help him or her to calm self. Teaching to manage feelings and difficult situations

Question 20

List important factors in discipline

Answer 20

Consistency, discipline must match offending behaviour, warm parent child relationship, explanations, inductive reasoning which is explanation of effective Miss behaviour and providing info about correct behaviour.

Question 21

Explain parenting styles

Answer 21

three parenting behaviours are differentiate parenting styles of warmth, control, and autonomy granting

Question 22

List the four types of parenting styles

Answer 22

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive (indulgent), uninvolved (neglectful)

Question 23

Explain authoritative parenting

Answer 23

achievement orientated, independent, self-reliant, good peer relations, good coping and emotional adjustment, internalise moral standards and self control

Question 24

Explain authoritarian

Answer 24

Low self-esteem, poor self concept, unhappy and anxious. Poor academic performance and poor social skills, reactive aggression, particularly harmful for boys but protective in urban African-American families

Question 25

Permissive

Answer 25

socially incompetent, lack self control, ego centric, maybe aggressive and non-compliant. Overly dependent on teachers and poor academic performance and lack of persistence especially for boys

Question 26

Explain uninvolved

Answer 26

socially incompetent, low self-esteem, lack self control, can’t handle independence, poor academic, associated with delinquency

Question 27

Explain gender role development

Answer 27

gender typing: Association of objects, traits, activities, roles to particular gender, conforming to cultural stereotypes. Begins from preschool age.

Age 2: categorical self emerges (boy or girl).
3 to 6 years reject other children who violate gender stereotypes

Question 28

Explain parental and teacher factors

Answer 28

Parental: direct and indirect reinforcement of stereotypical behaviours and boys are more strongly gender tight, particularly by fathers

Teachers: direct and indirect influences, more overall attention given to boys

Question 29

Explain boy germs and girl germs role of peers

Answer 29

same-sex peers positively reinforce each other. Criticism and rejection for cross gender behaviour. Play difference: boys play in larger groups and more dominance is required where as girls in pairs and have more interaction and cooperation.