Week 5 Flashcards
What theory was Erickson responsible for
Erikson’s psycho-social theory
What do children develop in early childhood
A confident self image More effective control over emotions New social skills Foundations of morality Gender identity
Explain Erickson’s initiative versus guilt
initiative = core ego property of purpose.
Able to broaden skills through play cooperate to meet, goals and lead to follow, built through warm sensitive parenting.
Guilt = core pathology of inhibition
If efforts are criticised, minimised, self initiated efforts become a source of embarrassment; fearful, hang on fringes of groups, over dependence on adults, restricted development of play
Explain development of self concet
Emerges at 3-5 years, observable through what they like doing and what they can do. Positive feedback helps to create positive self-concept
Tied to long-term outcomes like health and career
Explain emotional development : emergence of empathy
Feeling WITH another
Motivates altruism and pro social behaviour
Related to cognitive development
Explain emotional development : emergence of empathy and emotional understanding
Temperament
- Sociability, assertiveness, emotional regulation –> empathy, altruism
- Poor emotional regulation -> overwhelmed by own feelings, less altruistic or empathetic
Role of parenting
- warmth and sensitivity, model empathy, teach importance of kindness, encourage emotional regulation, encourage emotion descriptions and discussion
What is empathy
fuels connection, the ability to take on perspective, feeling with people
Explain play
Play is behaviour that is intrinsically motivated, freely chosen, process orientated, and pleasurable.
The work of children, enhances all domains of development
Explain psychoanalysts, piaget, and vygotsky’s view on play
Psychoanalysts: helps child master anxieties and conflicts
Piaget: AIDS cognitive development, independent discovery, perspective taking and moral development
Vygotsky: development of social rules, self-regulation
When is solitary play typical
2 to 3 years
Explain the three play categories
functional play: simple repetitive motor movements up to 2 years
Constructive play: creating or constructing something ages 3 to 6
Make-believe play: acting out every day and imaginary roles, usually 2 to 6 years
Explain the concept of first friendships and then same-sex friends
First friendships like Mutuality and a mixed gender.
With development there is a preference for same-sex friends. By 4 years 3x more time with same-sex pair. By 6 years 11x more. However opposite sex friendships associated with the host of positive outcomes
Explain morality
principles concerning distinction right and wrong behaviour, good versus bad
Explain the three components involving morality
cognitive: increase knowledge and acceptance of rules, capacity for moral reasoning.
Behavioural: increase prosocial behaviour (sharing toys)
Effective: increased empathy.
Explain the psychoanalytic perspective of moral development
development of superego via identification with same-sex parents. Children obey super ego to avoid guilt. Largely discredited but guilt does play role in development of conscience
Explain operant conditioning
positively reinforcing desired behaviour
What is punishment effective for
immediate obedience. However it provides an aggressive model. It is correlated with an avoidance of the parent, increased reactive aggression, lack of empathy and increased antisocial behaviour, poor academic achievement
Explain inductive discipline
Adult point out consequences of child’s behaviour on others, it involves reasoning about effects of miss behaviour and provides info about the right behaviour. It directs attention to others feelings and a warm induction = prosocial behaviour. Effective from two years
Explain time out and time in
Timeout is removal from the situation, reducing opportunities from his behaviour and withdrawal of privileges.
Time in is the removal from the situation, spends time with an adult to help him or her to calm self. Teaching to manage feelings and difficult situations
List important factors in discipline
Consistency, discipline must match offending behaviour, warm parent child relationship, explanations, inductive reasoning which is explanation of effective Miss behaviour and providing info about correct behaviour.
Explain parenting styles
three parenting behaviours are differentiate parenting styles of warmth, control, and autonomy granting
List the four types of parenting styles
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive (indulgent), uninvolved (neglectful)
Explain authoritative parenting
achievement orientated, independent, self-reliant, good peer relations, good coping and emotional adjustment, internalise moral standards and self control
Explain authoritarian
Low self-esteem, poor self concept, unhappy and anxious. Poor academic performance and poor social skills, reactive aggression, particularly harmful for boys but protective in urban African-American families
Permissive
socially incompetent, lack self control, ego centric, maybe aggressive and non-compliant. Overly dependent on teachers and poor academic performance and lack of persistence especially for boys
Explain uninvolved
socially incompetent, low self-esteem, lack self control, can’t handle independence, poor academic, associated with delinquency
Explain gender role development
gender typing: Association of objects, traits, activities, roles to particular gender, conforming to cultural stereotypes. Begins from preschool age.
Age 2: categorical self emerges (boy or girl).
3 to 6 years reject other children who violate gender stereotypes
Explain parental and teacher factors
Parental: direct and indirect reinforcement of stereotypical behaviours and boys are more strongly gender tight, particularly by fathers
Teachers: direct and indirect influences, more overall attention given to boys
Explain boy germs and girl germs role of peers
same-sex peers positively reinforce each other. Criticism and rejection for cross gender behaviour. Play difference: boys play in larger groups and more dominance is required where as girls in pairs and have more interaction and cooperation.
