Week 3 Flashcards
What is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
Birth to age 2 years
List the sensorimotor substages
Reflexive schemes (birth-1 month)
Primary circular reactions (1-4months)
Secondary circular reaction (4-8months)
Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months)
Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
Mental representation (18months - 2years)
What happens in the reflexive schemes and primary circular reactions stages
Newborn reflexes.
Simple motor habits centered around own body
What happens in secondary circular reactions and the coordination of secondary circular reactions stages.
Repetition of interesting effects; imitation of familiar behaviours.
Intentional, goal-directed behaviour, beginning object permanence.
What happens in the tertiary circular reactions and mental representation stages
Exploration of object properties through novel actions.
Internal depictions of objects and events; advanced object permanence (invisible displacement)
What is object permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed (seen or felt)
What are criticisms of Piaget
Underestimated infant abilities.
What is the core knowledge perspective
Innate knowledge systems predispose us to understand the world and new information. Requires experience to extend this innate knowledge.
What are cognitive gains in infancy and toddlerhood
Attention - ability to shift focus and improved sustained attention.
Memory - longer retention intervals
Categorisation - Gradual shift from perceptual to conceptual categorisation in toddlerhood.
What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Emphasised mediation of cognitive construction. Knowledge constructed via; collective dialogues, collaborative learning, guided participation, scaffolding, imitation.
Explain language development
Nativist approach: maturational unfolding and fine-tuned by experience.
Social interactionist view: children cue caregivers to provide necessary language experiences. Learnt through social interaction.
Critiques of Nativist approach
Hard to identify universal grammar. Slow and more error-prone language acquisition than innate ability would predict.
What is infant directed speech (IDS)
Includes; higher pitch, simple vocal, short sentences, exaggerated expressions and gestures.
Important for gaining attention.
List early vocalisations in language development
Newborn - reflex cries
2 months - cooing (vowel sounds)
6 months - babbling
Infant communication development stages
4 months: interest in turn taking games
6 months: babbling sounds
6-9months: understanding of single words
10-11 months: joint attention
12 months: universality of babbling lost and pre-verbal gesturing
9-12 months: understands simple instructions
10-15 months: first words
Telegraphic speech
single words conveys whole idea or sentence
First words and two word utterances
18-24 months
- over extension
- Under extension
- telegraphic speech
Emotional development
Happiness - around 6-10 weeks
Anger - shown from birth
Fear - intense stranger anxiety around 9 months. Separation anxiety peaks at 15 months
How to test self-recognition which emerges at 20 months
Rouge test
Emergence of self-regulation
Important for autonomy, cognitive development and social skills (the marshmallow test) which relies on effortful control
Emotional self-regulation and effortful control are fostered by
- Parenting
- Cognitive development
- motor development
What are the 3 types of temperament
Easy 40%
Slow to warm up 15%
Difficult 10%
Average/mixed 35%
Goodness of fit
the degree to which an individual’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment
Attachment theory
Active, reciprocal ties that endures across time and space. Leads to desire for contact. (still face experiment)
List attachment types
Type A: Insecure avoidant (15%)
Type B: Secure (60%)
Type C: Anxious-ambivalent or insecure-resistant (10%)
Type D: Disorganised/disorientated (15%)
