Week 3

Question 1

What is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

Answer 1

Birth to age 2 years

Question 2

List the sensorimotor substages

Answer 2

Reflexive schemes (birth-1 month)

Primary circular reactions (1-4months)

Secondary circular reaction (4-8months)

Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months)

Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)

Mental representation (18months - 2years)

Question 3

What happens in the reflexive schemes and primary circular reactions stages

Answer 3

Newborn reflexes.

Simple motor habits centered around own body

Question 4

What happens in secondary circular reactions and the coordination of secondary circular reactions stages.

Answer 4

Repetition of interesting effects; imitation of familiar behaviours.

Intentional, goal-directed behaviour, beginning object permanence.

Question 5

What happens in the tertiary circular reactions and mental representation stages

Answer 5

Exploration of object properties through novel actions.

Internal depictions of objects and events; advanced object permanence (invisible displacement)

Question 6

What is object permanence

Answer 6

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed (seen or felt)

Question 7

What are criticisms of Piaget

Answer 7

Underestimated infant abilities.

Question 8

What is the core knowledge perspective

Answer 8

Innate knowledge systems predispose us to understand the world and new information. Requires experience to extend this innate knowledge.

Question 9

What are cognitive gains in infancy and toddlerhood

Answer 9

Attention - ability to shift focus and improved sustained attention.

Memory - longer retention intervals

Categorisation - Gradual shift from perceptual to conceptual categorisation in toddlerhood.

Question 10

What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Answer 10

Emphasised mediation of cognitive construction. Knowledge constructed via; collective dialogues, collaborative learning, guided participation, scaffolding, imitation.

Question 11

Explain language development

Answer 11

Nativist approach: maturational unfolding and fine-tuned by experience.

Social interactionist view: children cue caregivers to provide necessary language experiences. Learnt through social interaction.

Question 12

Critiques of Nativist approach

Answer 12

Hard to identify universal grammar. Slow and more error-prone language acquisition than innate ability would predict.

Question 13

What is infant directed speech (IDS)

Answer 13

Includes; higher pitch, simple vocal, short sentences, exaggerated expressions and gestures.

Important for gaining attention.

Question 14

List early vocalisations in language development

Answer 14

Newborn - reflex cries
2 months - cooing (vowel sounds)
6 months - babbling

Question 15

Infant communication development stages

Answer 15

4 months: interest in turn taking games
6 months: babbling sounds
6-9months: understanding of single words
10-11 months: joint attention
12 months: universality of babbling lost and pre-verbal gesturing
9-12 months: understands simple instructions
10-15 months: first words

Question 16

Telegraphic speech

Answer 16

single words conveys whole idea or sentence

Question 17

First words and two word utterances

Answer 17

18-24 months

• over extension
• Under extension
• telegraphic speech

Question 18

Emotional development

Answer 18

Happiness - around 6-10 weeks
Anger - shown from birth
Fear - intense stranger anxiety around 9 months. Separation anxiety peaks at 15 months

Question 19

How to test self-recognition which emerges at 20 months

Answer 19

Rouge test

Question 20

Emergence of self-regulation

Answer 20

Important for autonomy, cognitive development and social skills (the marshmallow test) which relies on effortful control

Question 21

Emotional self-regulation and effortful control are fostered by

Answer 21

1. Parenting
2. Cognitive development
3. motor development

Question 22

What are the 3 types of temperament

Answer 22

Easy 40%
Slow to warm up 15%
Difficult 10%
Average/mixed 35%

Question 23

Goodness of fit

Answer 23

the degree to which an individual’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment

Question 24

Attachment theory

Answer 24

Active, reciprocal ties that endures across time and space. Leads to desire for contact. (still face experiment)

Question 25

List attachment types

Answer 25

Type A: Insecure avoidant (15%)
Type B: Secure (60%)
Type C: Anxious-ambivalent or insecure-resistant (10%)
Type D: Disorganised/disorientated (15%)