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Microbiology > Week 4: Viral Replication & Microbial Classification > Flashcards

Week 4: Viral Replication & Microbial Classification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

steps of viral replication

A
  • Attachment
  • Penetration
  • Uncoating
  • Synthesis
  • Assembly
  • Release
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2
Q

attachment step

A

marks initial contact bw the virion and host cell

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3
Q

viral specificity

A

specific interaction between virus and host cell

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4
Q

viral glycoproteins located in

A

evelope & capsid

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5
Q

penetration step

A

virion enters the host cell by endocytosis or fusion

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6
Q

uncoating step

A

shedding of viral capsid

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7
Q

synthesis step

A

genetic material is replicated and capsomeres are produced

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8
Q

assembly step

A

characterized by the reassembly of complete virions after replication of capsomeres and genetic material

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9
Q

release step

A

release of virion from the host cell by either cell lysis or budding

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10
Q

synthesis of DNA viruses

A

• Viral DNA is used to make viral RNA. RNA are usually short segments of
template instructions used to synthesize proteins
• Proteins in the host cell read the RNA templates and synthesize viral proteins
• Newly synthesized viral proteins are used to copy hundreds, or thousands of
copies of Viral DNA
• Newly synthesized DNA and capsid proteins reassemble in the assembly stage prior to release from the cell

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11
Q

synthesis of RNA viruses

A

RNA is used as a template to both synthesize new capsid proteins as
well replicated many times to create newly synthesized RNA molecules for viral
assembly & release

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12
Q

synthesis of retroviruses

A

RNA is the genetic material, but use a unique replication process
• RNA is converted into DNA by reverse transcription
• Requires a unique enzyme to do this: reverse transcriptase
• DNA is then transcribed into RNA:
• RNA copies for the new viral particle genomes,
• Or, are translated into new capsid proteins

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13
Q

taxonomy

A

the categorization of living things based on a hierarchy of relatedness

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14
Q

as you move down a taxonomy hierarchy, grouping becomes

A

more related

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15
Q

binomial nomenclature was introduced by

A

linnaeus

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16
Q

species are assigned two names in the following format

A

Genus species

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17
Q

phylogenetics

A

classify organisms based on genetic relatedness and shared ancestry

18
Q

3 domains of life

A

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

19
Q

bacteria

A

Prokaryotes; generally includes the bacteria that we’re most familiar with

20
Q

archaea

A

Prokaryotes that are structurally and functionally unique from Bacteria

21
Q

eukarya

A

Animals, plants, protozoa and fungi

22
Q

domain bacteria - aquifex/hydrogenobacter

A

Thermophiles – grow at extremely high temperatures (~95°C)

23
Q

domain bacteria - green nonsulpher bacteria

A

Also composed entirely of thermophiles, but don’t tolerate the extreme heats of the
Aquifex/Hydrogenobacter lineage
• Photosynthetic

24
Q

domain bacteria - radioresistant cocci

A

Resistant to very high doses of radiation
• Multi-layered cell wall combined with an outer membrane and excellent DNA repair functions
make this group highly resistant to radiation

25
Q

domain bacteria - spirochetes

A

Flexible helical shape

• Known to infect humans ex. Treponema pallidum the causative agent of syphilis

26
Q

domain bacteria - green sulpher bacteria

A

photosynthetic

27
Q

domain bacteria - flavobacteria

A

• Ex. Bacteroides gingivalis a strict anaerobe (cannot grow in the presence of oxygen)
thrives below the gumline causing gingivitis

28
Q

domain bacteria - clamydiae

A

Obligate intracellular parasites – cannot grow unless inside the cytoplasm of an
appropriate host cell

29
Q

domain bacteria - gram positive

A

Contains the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus sp.

• Significant category for human health

30
Q

domain bacteria - cyanobacteria

A
  • Photosynthetic
  • Important players in a variety of ecosystems
  • Release large amounts of oxygen into the environment/ air
  • Nitrogen fixation supporting plant growth
31
Q

domain bacteria - proteobacteria

A

Contains the Gram-negative species
• Highly variable in shape, metabolism and motility
• Significant category for human health

32
Q

domain archea - extremophiles

A
  • Prokaryotes living in extreme environmental conditions
  • Thermophile (heat)
  • Halophile (salt)
  • Acidophile (acid)
33
Q

archea characteristics

A

Usually have cell walls, but no peptidoglycan
• Unique lipids in the plasma membrane
• Protein synthesis more closely mimics the eukaryotic process
• Methanogens are an important lineage

34
Q

domain eukarya consists of

A

protozoa, fungi

35
Q

protozoa

A 
• Unicellular eukaryotes
• No cell wall
• Found in aquatic and moist
environments
• Complex life cyles
36
Q

protozoan life cycle

A
  • Trophozoite – feeding and reproducing stage
  • Under favourable environmental conditions, the protozoa exists in this stage
  • Cyst – metabolically inactive
  • When environmental conditions are not ideal, the protozoa exists in this stage
37
Q

parasitic protozoans

A

Generally exist in the environment as cysts, when they enter a new host they
develop into trophozoites where they feed and reproduce. New cysts are
released back into the environment

38
Q

4 main types of protozoa

A

flagellates, amoebae, ciliates, apicomplexa

39
Q

fungi

A

Play an important ecological role by recycling nutrients in the environment
• Many fungi have mutualistic symbiotic relationships with plant species; whereby the
plant and the fungi benefit from living together, both receiving the nutrients they
require to thrive

40
Q

2 types of fungal bodies

A
  • Single celled (ex. yeast)

* Filamentous fungi

41
Q

4 main phyla of kingdom fungi

A
  • chytridiomycota
  • zygomycota
  • basidiomycota
  • ascomycota
42
Q

myocoses

A

fungal infections in animals

Microbiology (10 decks)

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