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PYB302 - organisational psychology > WEEK 4 - understanding online social behaviour > Flashcards

WEEK 4 - understanding online social behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

How often do we pick up our phone?

A

58 times per day

70% of sessions are less than two minutes
25% of sessions are 2 - 10 mins
5% of sessions are more than 10 minutes

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2
Q

How many/how often do Australians use social media?

A
  • 20.80 million social media users in Australia (78%)
  • average use is 1 hour 51 mins/day on social media
  • 6.1 social platforms used/month
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3
Q

Main reasons for using social media

A
  • Keeping in touch with friends/family (59%)
  • Killing spare time (44%)
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4
Q

What social media is used the most by people?

A

Facebook 78% (20h 15m)
* Facebook Messenger 70% (4h 43m)
* Instagram 62% (11h 46m)
* WhatsApp 45% (2h 56m)
* TikTok 40% (42h 13m)
* Snapchat 33% (17h 2m)
* X/Twitter 30% (2h 31m)

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5
Q

What is Subjective well-being

A
  • Life satisfaction
  • Good vs. bad feeling
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6
Q

Why do peoples subjective well-being vary

A
  • 50% genetic
  • 40% intentional activities*
  • 10% life circumstances
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7
Q

What is the Overall association of social media and wellbeing

A
  • A Meta-analysis of correlational studies found:
  • No association between time spent on social media and life satisfaction, r = -.03
  • Positive association between time spent on social media and depression, r = .11*
  • More FB use in 14-day experience sampling study predicted feeling worse and lower life satisfaction (Kross et al., 2013)
  • Ps who spent 20 mins using FB vs. browsing the internet reported worse mood
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8
Q

Studies on limiting use results

A

People in a study where they were not allowed to use FB for 5 days had lower life satisfaction than those control group (who could use Facebook)

  • Another study found that participants who didnt use FB for 1 week had higher life satisfaction and more positive affect than control condition.
  • Another study had people not use all social media including no FB/Instagram/Twitter/TikTok for 1 week. People who didn’t use social media had higher well-being and lower depression/ anxiety than controls
  • Another study found no difference in well-being on a no social media vs control day
  • Another study found that when restricted to using social media for 10 mins/day people used more instant messaging and there was no difference in well-being
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9
Q

What is the active-Passive Model of Social media Use

A

SEE PHOTO
- Active use of social media sites (positing, interacting) –> This leads to social capital and connectedness –> subjective wellbeing

  • passive use of social media sites –> upward comparison and envy

**this model used to be relevant but now has been updated

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10
Q

What is the Extended Active-Passive Model of Social Media Use

A

SEE PHOTO

  • still thinks that passive versus active use is a useful distinction

Active:
Instead it argues that active use of social media that is targeted and warm behaviour lead to positive outcomes in social media use
- Argues that Targeted use of social media is good (when you are communicating with one person or a small group of people as opposed to hundreds of people)
- Argues that warm behaviour (doing something positive and targeted towards other people) is also good

Passive:
- Argues that If you are passively using social media to look at success stories (other people doing great stuff that are relevant to you) it will be threatening to you
- If you are looking at other peoples success stories not relevant to you it is not threatening.
- Argues if you are looking at failure stories of people not doing well it can make you feel better about yourseld

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11
Q

What is Social comparison? (Festinger, 1954)

A
  • When we are uncertain about our abilities or
    opinions, we evaluate ourselves through
    comparisons with similar others
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12
Q

What is upward comparison

A
  • Compare ourselves to someone who is better than us on the key dimension
  • Feel worse about ourselves, envious
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13
Q

What is a downward comparison

A
  • Compare ourselves to someone worse than us on the key dimension
  • Feel better about ourselves
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14
Q

What is the relationship between social media and passive use, social comparison, and envy

A
  • More passive FB use in 6-day experience sampling study predicted more envy, feeling worse
  • Those who used FB passively for 10 min in the lab had lower affective well-being at the end of the day
  • Those high vs. low in Social Comparison Orientation felt worse after browsing an acquaintance’s FB profile for 5 mins
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15
Q

What did the meta analysis of the effect of social media exposure to upward comparison targets on self-evaluations and emotions find?

A
  • 48 articles involving 7679 participants; 118 effect sizes
  • Overall negative effect of upward social comparison relative to downward comparison and controls on social media users’ self-evaluations and emotions
  • Significant negative effects of upward comparison on each outcome variable:
  • body image
  • subjective well-being
  • mental health
  • self-esteem
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16
Q

What is social capital

A
  • The resources we gain from our relationships with other people
17
Q

Types of social capital

A
  • Bridging social capital from weak ties (people we don’t know very well) gives us new info/perspectives
  • Bonding social capital from strong ties (have relationship with person) gives us social support
18
Q

Social capital on social media

A
  • Networking value: asking for info/favours
  • Offline participation: getting together more often with people offline
  • Horizon broadening: learning new things
  • Emotional support: feeling supported by friends
19
Q

Do we have evidence that active use is good for social capital and connectedness?

A
  • Active FB participation (posting, commenting) was associated with all types of social capital
  • Ps who were told to post more status updates than usual for a week vs. control had more daily connectedness, lower loneliness
  • Replying/commenting/liking positively associated with well-being (r = .14***), but posting status updates/photos was not (r = .02) (Liu et al., 2019
20
Q

What was the Facebook Relationship Maintenance study

A
  • Longitudinal study (6-month interval) of 1235 adolescents from Belgium, Mage = 14.76
  • Facebook relationship maintenance behaviours
    E.g., “When I see a friend or acquaintance sharing good news on Facebook, I try to respond.”
  • Closeness to friends
  • E.g., “My friends understand me,” “My friends accept me as I am.”
  • Receiving positive Facebook reactions
  • E.g how often they received positive Facebook reactions when they post something (e.g., a status update, photo, video, etc.) on Facebook
21
Q

What did the Facebook Relationship Maintenance study find?

A

they’re kind of doing that friendship maintenance, the closer they’re feeling later on controlling for how close they were feeling at the first time point. And then it goes the other way too. So the closer you are feeling at the first time point, the more you’re doing those relationship maintenance things later. So it’s kind of a positive cycle.

22
Q

Interpersonal Goals

A

Study which looked at the following things to see how peoples interpersonal goals for their friends and social media use were correlated. Looked at how much people in the last week had:

  • tried to be supportive of others (compassionate)
  • get others to recognize or acknowledge your positive qualities (self-image)
  • Facebook actions
  • posting, responding, searching
  • Facebook social comparison
  • Facebook envy

Then looked at all the social capital variables/sources of social connectedness/network structure and found that social capital benefits
* offline participation
* emotional support
* horizon broadening
* networking value

The study had control variables of:
* Self-esteem, attachment style, social desirability,
demographics, FB variables

23
Q

outcome of interpersonal goals study

A

Found those compassionate goals and goals to support your friends predicted people were more responsive on Facebook. The more you generally support your friends the more you try and respond to what your friends are posting on Facebook. The more you try respond to what your friends are posting on Facebook the more potential you have (more social capital/feel more connected) and that led to each of the four positive outcomes.

  • Compassionate goals were able to predict those warm targeted behaviours and predict the social capital benefits.
  • Self-image goals predicted the bad stuff –> predicted more searching (people to add, extend Facebook reach but not communicating with anyone), social comparison and envy.
24
Q

What is ostracism?

A
  • Being ignored by others
  • Can threaten belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence
25
Q

What is trolling

A
  • Attempts to antagonise others online

More likely:
* when feeling anonymous vs identifiable
* among male vs female participants
* among those higher in sadism or psychopathy

26
Q

How does trolling affect self esteem

A
  • Those who experienced more trolling in online videogames had lower self-esteem
  • Those who saw trolling as seeking conflict/attention experienced less negative affect when recalling a time they were trolled on social media
27
Q

What is cyberbullying

A
  • “an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself.”
  • Cyberbullying perpetration
  • related to higher levels of sadism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism
  • Cyberbullying victimisation
  • related to greater psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation/attempts; lower life satisfaction
28
Q

Summing up Active-Passive Social Media Use

A
  • Passive social media use can have a negative impact
  • Upward/relevant social comparison
  • Active social media use can have a positive impact
  • Targeted/warm
  • Facebook relationship maintenance
  • But other people’s behaviour towards us matters
  • Ostracism
  • Trolling
  • Cyberbullying
29
Q

Phubbing

A
  • Snubbing someone in a social setting by concentrating on your phone

Negative impact on
* communication quality
* relationship satisfaction
* belonging need satisfaction
* affect

30
Q

What is narcissism?

A
  • Feelings of entitlement, antagonistic/manipulative characteristics
31
Q

What are the two types of narcissism?

A

Grandiose
* Block negative self-aspects; inflated self-image
* E.g., “Many group activities tend to be dull without me”

Vulnerable
* More insecurity, feelings of inadequacy
* E.g., “When others don’t notice me, I start to feel worthless”

32
Q

Phubbing and Narcissism

A

Phubbing
* E.g., “I check my smartphone when I am spending time with friends/family

  • Positively associated with vulnerable narcissism (r = .26***)
  • Later study found this was partially mediated by a preference for online social interaction (Grieve et al., 2021)
  • Not significantly associated with grandiose narcissism (r = .02
33
Q

What causes someone to Phub

A

Smartphone addiction primarily is the reason.

FOMO, internet addiction and self control cause smartphone addiction (see diagram)

34
Q

What are we missing out on? (first condition for study –> meal condition)

A
  • Groups of 3-5 friends/family members share a meal with or without phones
  • Phone vs. no phone. Phone condition…
  • Found the experience less enjoyable/interesting
  • Felt more distracted
  • Experience sampling study over 1 week
  • 5 times a day, people were asked what they had been doing in the last 15 mins
  • For episodes with FTF social interaction, those who used vs. didn’t use phone
  • Felt more distracted, bored, generally worse
  • Less interest/enjoyment, social connection
35
Q

What are we missing out on? ( second condition for study –> museam condition)

A
  • Parents at a science museum with their children
  • Told to use phone frequently or infrequently
  • High vs. low phone use
  • More distracted
  • Less socially connected
  • Less meaning
  • Strangers waited for a study with or without their smartphones
  • Videotaped, coded smiling behaviour
  • Phone vs. no phone
  • Fewer smiles
  • Fewer genuine Duchenne smiles
  • Less time smiling
  • Less likely to initiate an interaction with the other person
36
Q

What are we missing out on (third condition –> finding building)

A
  • Participants were asked to find an unfamiliar building on campus with or without their smartphone
  • Phone vs. no phone
  • Found building more easily
  • Talked to fewer people to obtain directions
  • Felt less socially connected
37
Q

What are we missing out on ( fourth condition in study –> talking to strangers)

A
  • People enjoy talking to strangers more than they think
  • Those instructed to talk to a stranger on public transport or in a waiting room
  • Felt more positive
  • But they predicted the opposite
  • Underestimated others’ interest in talking
38
Q

Summing up

A
  • Using phones in a social context has a cost
  • Lowers others’ perceptions of conversation/relationship
  • Makes us feel more distracted, less connected, less enjoyment/interest
  • Prevents us from engaging with others
  • Phubbing related to
  • Smartphone addiction
  • Vulnerable narcissism
39
Q

Take home points

A
  • Social media can help us maintain relationships and build social capital
  • Upward comparisons, ostracism, trolling, and cyberbullying can have negative impacts
  • Need to consider costs of using smartphones in a social context

PYB302 - organisational psychology (11 decks)

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