Week 4: The musculoskeletal system Flashcards
What are the three components of the skeletal system ?
Bones (206), cartilage, ligaments
Describe and name the three planes?
- frontal/coronal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior
- transverse/horizontal plane, divides the body into superior and inferior
- Saggital plane, if it is in the middle is called the mid saggital plane, if it is off centre it is called the para-saggital. Divides the body into left and right
What are the functions of the skeletal system ?
- To support and protect
- Provide heat and regulate body temp
- storage (fats and minerals)
- produce red blood cells
- movement
What are long bones ?
They have a definite shaft and two ends, they are longer than they are wide. They make up most of the arm and the leg.
The diaphysis is the long tubular shaft and the epiphysis are the ends of long bones made up on compact bone externally and spongy bone internally.
What are flat bones?
Thin, flat bones that are usually curved. Some examples are the ribs and the skull.
What are short bones?
They are often cubed shape and the same width as length. They are often found distally as they allow lots of fine movement. For example they are found in our carpals and tarsals.
What are irregular bones?
They have complicated shapes and do not fit into another category, an example of this is the pelvis and vertebrae
What are sesamoid bones?
They are formed within ligament, for example, the patella
What is compact bone?
The dense outer layer of bones that are used for protection. Compact bone is sandwiched between two types of connective tissue, the periosteum is the outside of compact bone and the endosteum is the inside of the compact bone
What is spongy bone?
The inner bone made of small trabeculae and are more elastic than compact bone.
What is the axial skeleton comprised of ?
- thoracic cage: ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
- skull
- vertebral cavity
What are the three functions of the axial skeletal?
- Protect head and maintains its structure and position
- protecting vital organs e.g lungs, brain
- form longitudinal axis of the body
What are bone markings ?
sites of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment on external surfaces
What are openings?
areas involved for joint formation or passages for vessels and nerves
What is the vertebral column made of?
- cervical 7
- thoracic 12
- lumbar 5
- sacral 5 fused
- coccyx 4 fused
Functions of the vertebral column
- support and protect
- Provides surface area for muscle attachment
- positions the head
- Supports the upright position in sitting and standing
What are the two types of curvatures?
- primary (thoracic and sacral)
- secondary (lumbar and cervical)
What is the vertebrae for the cervical region like?
small oval body
large vertebral foramen
Bifid short spinous processes
Atlas C1 and axis C2
What is the vertebrae for the thoracic region like?
heart shaped body
smaller circular vertebral foramen
large transverse processes
facets for articulation with ribs
spinous processes project inferiorly
What is the vertebrae for the lumbar region like?
Large oval body (for weight bearing)
triangular vertebral foramen
small transverse processes
short, flat spinous processes
zygapophyseal joints - articular surface alignment more vertical than cervical
What is the sacrum?
5 fused vertebrae articulates the pelvic girdle via the sacroiliac joint
What is the coccyx?
3-5 fused vertebrae, creates the tailbone and has no real function
they fuse late in adult life
What protects the joints of the vertebral column?
Intervertebral discs: cushion-like pads between vertebrae that act as a shock absorber
There are two types:
nucleus pulposus: Inner gelatinous nucleus (elasticity)
Annulus fibrosus: outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage (limits expansion of nucleus pulposus ?)
what is the thoracic cavity composed of?
- thoracic and vertebrae posteriorly
- sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
- ribs laterally
What are the functions of the thoracic cavity?
- protect vital organs and the thoracic cavity
- supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
- Attachment site for muscles of neck, back chest and shoulders
The upper limb has 30 bones
- arm - humerus
- forearm - raduis and ulna
- hand - 8 carpals, wrist - 5 metacarpals, hand, 14 phalanges
3 types of structural classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartiligenous, synovial
3 types of functional classifications of joints?
- synarthrosis
- amphiathrosis
- diathrosis
Types of fibrous joints?
- syndesmosis- ligament
- suture short interlocking fibres
- gomphosis - peg in socket
Types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis - plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
Symphysis - fibrocartilage unites bones
Types of synovial joints?
gliding/plane - nonaxial
hinge - nonaxial
pivot - uniaxial
ellipsoid/condylar - biaxial
saddle - biaxial
ball and socket - multiaxial
What is the structure of the synovial joint?
6 Distinguishing features
- articular cartilage
- joint cavity
- articular capsule
- synovial fluid - synovial membrane
- ligaments
- nerves and blood vessels
Types of accessory structures on joints?
- menisci
- fat pads
- tendons
- bursae
What effects movements of joints?
- shape of articulating surfaces
- menisci and discs
- ligaments and joint capsule
- muscle action/tendon tension
three types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
Functions of skeletal muscle
- movement and structure
- red blood cells
- storage
- heat
what is the hierarchical structure of muscles?
muscle - fascicle - fibre - myofibrils - sacromeres
What are the 3 levels of connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle ?
epimysium - dense connective tissue surrounding the muscle; may blend with fascia
perimysium - fibrous dense connective tissue surrounding muscle fascicles
endomysium - areolar fine connective tissue surrounding each muscle fibre
What are the two places where muscle can attach to bone ?
And in which 2 ways can they be attached?
origin - attachment that is relatively fixed usually proximal
insertion - attachment that is more moveable, relatively distal
direct (fleshy): epimysium attaches the periosteum of bone or perichondium of cartilage
indirect: connective tissue wrapped extend beyond muscle as rope like tendons or aponerousis
What are rope like tendons and aponeurosis?
- they are rope like bands of connective tissue they attach muscle to bone
- broad sheet of regular dense connective tissue they can attach muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, or muscle to fascia
they are both highly organised
