Week 4: The musculoskeletal system

Question 1

What are the three components of the skeletal system ?

Answer 1

Bones (206), cartilage, ligaments

Question 2

Describe and name the three planes?

Answer 2

1. frontal/coronal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior
2. transverse/horizontal plane, divides the body into superior and inferior
3. Saggital plane, if it is in the middle is called the mid saggital plane, if it is off centre it is called the para-saggital. Divides the body into left and right

Question 3

What are the functions of the skeletal system ?

Answer 3

1. To support and protect
2. Provide heat and regulate body temp
3. storage (fats and minerals)
4. produce red blood cells
5. movement

Question 4

What are long bones ?

Answer 4

They have a definite shaft and two ends, they are longer than they are wide. They make up most of the arm and the leg.
The diaphysis is the long tubular shaft and the epiphysis are the ends of long bones made up on compact bone externally and spongy bone internally.

Question 5

What are flat bones?

Answer 5

Thin, flat bones that are usually curved. Some examples are the ribs and the skull.

Question 6

What are short bones?

Answer 6

They are often cubed shape and the same width as length. They are often found distally as they allow lots of fine movement. For example they are found in our carpals and tarsals.

Question 7

What are irregular bones?

Answer 7

They have complicated shapes and do not fit into another category, an example of this is the pelvis and vertebrae

Question 8

What are sesamoid bones?

Answer 8

They are formed within ligament, for example, the patella

Question 9

What is compact bone?

Answer 9

The dense outer layer of bones that are used for protection. Compact bone is sandwiched between two types of connective tissue, the periosteum is the outside of compact bone and the endosteum is the inside of the compact bone

Question 10

What is spongy bone?

Answer 10

The inner bone made of small trabeculae and are more elastic than compact bone.

Question 11

What is the axial skeleton comprised of ?

Answer 11

1. thoracic cage: ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
2. skull
3. vertebral cavity

Question 12

What are the three functions of the axial skeletal?

Answer 12

1. Protect head and maintains its structure and position
2. protecting vital organs e.g lungs, brain
3. form longitudinal axis of the body

Question 13

What are bone markings ?

Answer 13

sites of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment on external surfaces

Question 14

What are openings?

Answer 14

areas involved for joint formation or passages for vessels and nerves

Question 15

What is the vertebral column made of?

Answer 15

1. cervical 7
2. thoracic 12
3. lumbar 5
4. sacral 5 fused
5. coccyx 4 fused

Question 16

Functions of the vertebral column

Answer 16

1. support and protect
2. Provides surface area for muscle attachment
3. positions the head
4. Supports the upright position in sitting and standing

Question 17

What are the two types of curvatures?

Answer 17

1. primary (thoracic and sacral)
2. secondary (lumbar and cervical)

Question 18

What is the vertebrae for the cervical region like?

Answer 18

small oval body
large vertebral foramen
Bifid short spinous processes
Atlas C1 and axis C2

Question 19

What is the vertebrae for the thoracic region like?

Answer 19

heart shaped body
smaller circular vertebral foramen
large transverse processes
facets for articulation with ribs
spinous processes project inferiorly

Question 20

What is the vertebrae for the lumbar region like?

Answer 20

Large oval body (for weight bearing)
triangular vertebral foramen
small transverse processes
short, flat spinous processes
zygapophyseal joints - articular surface alignment more vertical than cervical

Question 21

What is the sacrum?

Answer 21

5 fused vertebrae articulates the pelvic girdle via the sacroiliac joint

Question 22

What is the coccyx?

Answer 22

3-5 fused vertebrae, creates the tailbone and has no real function
they fuse late in adult life

Question 23

What protects the joints of the vertebral column?

Answer 23

Intervertebral discs: cushion-like pads between vertebrae that act as a shock absorber
There are two types:
nucleus pulposus: Inner gelatinous nucleus (elasticity)
Annulus fibrosus: outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage (limits expansion of nucleus pulposus ?)

Question 24

what is the thoracic cavity composed of?

Answer 24

1. thoracic and vertebrae posteriorly
2. sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
3. ribs laterally

Question 25

What are the functions of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 25

1. protect vital organs and the thoracic cavity
2. supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
3. Attachment site for muscles of neck, back chest and shoulders

Question 26

The upper limb has 30 bones

Answer 26

• arm - humerus
• forearm - raduis and ulna
• hand - 8 carpals, wrist - 5 metacarpals, hand, 14 phalanges

Question 27

3 types of structural classifications of joints?

Answer 27

fibrous, cartiligenous, synovial

Question 28

3 types of functional classifications of joints?

Answer 28

1. synarthrosis
2. amphiathrosis
3. diathrosis

Question 29

Types of fibrous joints?

Answer 29

1. syndesmosis- ligament
2. suture short interlocking fibres
3. gomphosis - peg in socket

Question 30

Types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 30

Synchondrosis - plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
Symphysis - fibrocartilage unites bones

Question 31

Types of synovial joints?

Answer 31

gliding/plane - nonaxial
hinge - nonaxial
pivot - uniaxial
ellipsoid/condylar - biaxial
saddle - biaxial
ball and socket - multiaxial

Question 32

What is the structure of the synovial joint?
6 Distinguishing features

Answer 32

• articular cartilage
• joint cavity
• articular capsule
• synovial fluid - synovial membrane
• ligaments
• nerves and blood vessels

Question 33

Types of accessory structures on joints?

Answer 33

• menisci
• fat pads
• tendons
• bursae

Question 34

What effects movements of joints?

Answer 34

• shape of articulating surfaces
• menisci and discs
• ligaments and joint capsule
• muscle action/tendon tension

Question 35

three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 35

1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac

Question 36

Functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 36

1. movement and structure
2. red blood cells
3. storage
4. heat

Question 37

what is the hierarchical structure of muscles?

Answer 37

muscle - fascicle - fibre - myofibrils - sacromeres

Question 38

What are the 3 levels of connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle ?

Answer 38

epimysium - dense connective tissue surrounding the muscle; may blend with fascia
perimysium - fibrous dense connective tissue surrounding muscle fascicles
endomysium - areolar fine connective tissue surrounding each muscle fibre

Question 39

What are the two places where muscle can attach to bone ?

And in which 2 ways can they be attached?

Answer 39

origin - attachment that is relatively fixed usually proximal
insertion - attachment that is more moveable, relatively distal

direct (fleshy): epimysium attaches the periosteum of bone or perichondium of cartilage
indirect: connective tissue wrapped extend beyond muscle as rope like tendons or aponerousis

Question 40

What are rope like tendons and aponeurosis?

Answer 40

1. they are rope like bands of connective tissue they attach muscle to bone
2. broad sheet of regular dense connective tissue they can attach muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, or muscle to fascia
   they are both highly organised