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Anatomy of the Trunk > Week 4 - The Heart > Flashcards

Week 4 - The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure surrounding the heart and great vessels called?

A

Pericardium

The pericardium is a two-layered fibro-serous sac.

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Serous

The fibrous layer protects against sudden overfilling, while the serous layer forms a closed sac.

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3
Q

What does the fibrous layer of the pericardium fuse with?

A
  • Central tendon
  • Tunica adventitia of the great vessels
  • Sternum via Sternopericardiac ligament

It is also attached by sternopericardial ligaments.

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4
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A
  • Parietal layer
  • Visceral layer

The parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium and great vessels, while the visceral layer covers the heart.

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5
Q

What embryological development leads to the formation of the heart chambers?

A

Heart folds and twists

This process also causes spaces or sinuses to occur.

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6
Q

Where is the Transverse Sinus located?

A

Between the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

It is also located between the superior parts of the atria and superior vena cava.

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7
Q

What is the location of the Oblique Sinus?

A

Behind the left atrium on the posterior surface

It is a recess of the serous pericardium.

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8
Q

What arteries supply the pericardium?

A
  • Pericardiacophrenic arteries
  • Musculophrenic arteries
  • Pericardial branches from bronchial and superior phrenic arteries

These arteries provide the arterial supply to the pericardium.

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9
Q

To which system do pericardial veins drain?

A

Azygos system

They also drain to the internal thoracic and superior phrenic veins.

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10
Q

Which nerve supplies the fibrous and parietal layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve

The vagus nerve and branches of the sympathetic trunk supply the visceral layer.

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11
Q

What is the clinical relevance of pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

It can lead to other complications such as effusion and innervation issues.

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12
Q

What forms the upper border of the heart?

A

Atria (left)

The upper border is nearly straight and hidden anteriorly.

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13
Q

Which chamber primarily forms the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

The right border is slightly convex.

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14
Q

What primarily forms the lower border of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

It is partially formed by the right atrium and is slightly concave.

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15
Q

Which chamber forms the left border of the heart?

A
  • Left ventricle
  • Left auricle

The left border is convex.

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16
Q

What is the base of the heart primarily formed by?

A

Left atrium

It is opposite thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

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17
Q

What separates the base of the heart from the descending aorta and esophagus?

A

Oblique sinus

The base is also inferiorly bounded by the posterior part of the coronary sulcus.

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18
Q

What are the entry points of the right atrium?

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus

The right atrium has three main entry points.

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19
Q

What is the primary entry point of the right ventricle?

A
  • 1 entry point
  • Right Atrium -> Tricuspid valve

It also has 1 exit point.

20
Q

What structures are found within the right ventricle?

A
  • Trabeculae carneae
  • Papillary muscles
  • Chordae tendinae
  • Infundibulum

The infundibulum is smooth, while trabeculae carneae are rough.

21
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A
  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves
  • Semilunar valves

Examples include the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves, as well as the pulmonary and aortic valves.

22
Q

What is the pathway of blood in fetal circulation?

A
  • Placenta oxygenates blood ->
  • Right atrium ->
  • Foramen ovale to left atrium ->
  • Pulmonary trunk to aorta ->
  • Left atrium to left ventricle ->
  • Systemically

Deoxygenated blood returns to the placenta via the right and left umbilical arteries.

23
Q

Which nerve supplies the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • Branches of the sympathetic trunk

This innervation is crucial for sensation in the heart.

24
Q

What is myocardial ischaemia?

A

Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle

It can lead to chest pain and other complications.

25
What are anastomoses in the context of coronary supply?
Connections between blood vessels ## Footnote They allow for collateral circulation in the heart.
26
True or False: Pericarditis can lead to effusion.
True ## Footnote Pericarditis is inflammation that can result in fluid accumulation.
27
What is the function of coronary arteries?
Delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) ## Footnote Coronary arteries are essential for providing the heart with the necessary oxygen and nutrients to function properly.
28
What are the two main coronary arteries?
- Right coronary artery (RCA) - Left main coronary artery (LMCA) ## Footnote These arteries are vital for supplying blood to different parts of the heart.
29
What areas does the right coronary artery (RCA) supply blood to?
- Right atrium - Right ventricle - Parts of the left ventricle - SA node - AV node ## Footnote The RCA plays a crucial role in regulating heart rhythm.
30
What does the left main coronary artery (LMCA) supply blood to?
- Left atrium - Left ventricle ## Footnote The LMCA is essential for providing blood to the heart's left side.
31
What are the branches of the left main coronary artery (LMCA)?
- Left anterior descending artery - Circumflex artery ## Footnote These branches further distribute blood to specific regions of the heart.
32
Why are coronary arteries important?
They provide a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart ## Footnote This supply is crucial for the heart's proper functioning.
33
What is the function of coronary veins?
Drain deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and return it to the right atrium ## Footnote Coronary veins are essential for removing waste products from cardiac tissue.
34
How are coronary veins organized?
Into greater cardiac veins and smaller cardiac veins ## Footnote This organization helps in effective venous drainage from the heart.
35
What do greater cardiac veins include?
- Coronary sinus - Atrial veins - Anterior cardiac veins - Veins draining the septum ## Footnote These veins account for 95% of venous drainage from the heart.
36
What are smaller cardiac veins also known as?
Thebesian veins ## Footnote These veins drain directly into the respective cardiac chambers.
37
What is the largest cardiac vein?
Coronary sinus ## Footnote The coronary sinus is significant as it empties directly into the right atrium.
38
What is the importance of coronary circulation?
It is crucial for the heart's function and the entire body's health ## Footnote Proper coronary circulation ensures that the heart receives the necessary blood supply.
39
What can issues with coronary arteries lead to?
- Reduced blood flow to the heart - Angina - Heart attack - Death ## Footnote Such issues are often associated with coronary artery disease (CAD).
40
What are some risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD)?
- Smoking - High cholesterol - High blood pressure - Physical inactivity - Obesity - High saturated fat diet - Diabetes - Family history of heart disease ## Footnote These factors significantly increase the risk of developing CAD.
41
What are common symptoms of coronary artery disease?
- Chest pain - Heart palpitations - Indigestion - Irregular heart rhythms - Severe fatigue - Shortness of breath - Swelling of hands and feet ## Footnote Recognizing these symptoms is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment.
42
What are the anterior boundaries of the oblique sinus?
The posterior wall of the left atrium ## Footnote The anterior boundary is a critical anatomical feature in understanding the oblique sinus.
43
What are the posterior boundaries of the oblique sinus?
The parietal serous pericardium, or the pericardium itself ## Footnote This boundary helps in identifying the oblique sinus in relation to surrounding structures.
44
What constitutes the superior boundary of the oblique sinus?
The **reflection of the visceral pericardium** onto the wall of the pericardial sac ## Footnote This reflection plays a role in the overall structure of the heart and its membranes.
45
List the structures on the right side of the oblique sinus in ascending order.
* The inferior vena cava * Right inferior pulmonary vein * Right superior pulmonary vein ## Footnote These vessels are important for understanding the blood flow related to the oblique sinus.
46
List the structures on the left side of the oblique sinus in ascending order.
* Left inferior pulmonary vein * Left superior pulmonary vein ## Footnote These veins are key for the drainage of blood from the lungs into the heart.
47
What is the inferior boundary of the oblique sinus?
The opening of the sinus ## Footnote The opening is crucial for the sinus's communication with other cardiac structures.

Anatomy of the Trunk (12 decks)

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