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C&M Upper Limb > Week 4: The Forearm and Wrist > Flashcards

Week 4: The Forearm and Wrist Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the muscles in the forearm?

A

flexion and extension of the wrist, fingers and thumbs

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2
Q

Which bones make up the wrist joint?

A 
Articulation between:
-distal radius
-scaphoid
-lunate
Ulna is NOT involved
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3
Q

Which ligaments stregthen the wrist joint anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

radiocarpal ligaments

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4
Q

If you’re arm is supinated, (palm facing upwards) where do the radius and ulna lie?

A

-ulna lies medially and radius lies laterally (on the thumb side)

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5
Q

How is the radius and ulna connected?

A

by a strong interosseous membrane –> the IOM has holes in it for the passage of vessels

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6
Q

What is another word for wrist?

A

carpus

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7
Q

What are the names of the 8 bones of the carpus?

“So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb”

A 
scaphoid
lunate 
triquetral 
pisiform
hamate 
capitate 
trapezoid 
trapezium
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8
Q

Which bones do we have in the hand (in ascending order)?

A
  1. Carpals (x8)
  2. Metacarpals
  3. Proximal phalanges
  4. Intermediate phalanges
  5. Distal phalanges
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9
Q

What is the joint between the carpals and metacarpals called?

A

carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ)

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10
Q

What is the joint between the metacarpals and proximal phalanges called?

A

Metacarpophalangeal (MCPJ)

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11
Q

What is the joint between the proximal phalanges and intermediate phalanges called?

A

proximal interpharangeal joint (PIPJ)

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12
Q

What is the joint between the intermediate phalages and distal phalanges called?

A

distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ)

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13
Q

How is the thumb different to the other fingers?

A

-in the thumb, we have just two phalanges but in the fingers we have 3 (there is no intermediate phalange in the thumb)

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14
Q

What is the joint between the proximal phalange and distal phalange in the thumb called

A

interphalangeal joint

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15
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm? (anterior compartment is when hand is supinated)

A

to flex (bend) the wrist and digits

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16
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm? (anterior compartment is when hand is pronated)

A

to extend (straighten) wrist and digits

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17
Q

What movements are possible at the wrist joint?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction (waving toward you)
  • adduction (waving away from you)
  • circumduction

(adduction at fingers is to bring them together, abduction is to spread them out)

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18
Q

Which movements are possible at the thumb?

A
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • extension
  • flexion
  • opposition
  • reposition

(Abduction is different to extension as extension moves the thumb away from the hand in the same plane as the hand, abduction moves away )

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19
Q

Which nerve are most of the muscles in the anterior forearm innervated by?

A

median nerve (C5-T1) - the rest by the ulnar nerve

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20
Q

Where do the muscles of the anterior forearm insert?

A

medial epicondyle of the humerus: the ‘common flexor origin’

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21
Q

In the superficial layer of the anterior forearm, there are 4 muscles. 1 is a pronator and 3 are wrist flexors. What are their names?

A
  1. Pronator = pronator teres
  2. Wrist flexor = flexor carpi radialis
  3. Wrist flexor = flexor carpi ulnaris
  4. Wrist flexor = palmaris longus
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22
Q

Which nerves are the muscles in the superficial layer of the anterior forearm supplied by

A

All supplied by the median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris (=ulnar nerve)

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23
Q

What muscle is found in the middle layer of the anterior forearm?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

24
Q

Where do the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis insert?

A

on the middle phalanx of digits 2-5

25
Q

What is the function of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A
  • flexes the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joint

- contributes to wrist flexion

26
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

median nerve

27
Q

What are the 3 muscles found in the deep layer of the anterior forearm?

A
  1. Flexor digitorum profundus
  2. Flexor pollicis longus
  3. Pronator quadratus
28
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum profundus insert and what is its function?

A

inserts on the distal phalanx and flexes the distal interphalangeal joint

29
Q

Where does the flexor pollicis longus insert and what is its function?

A

inserts on the distal phalanx and flexes the interphalangeal joint (can also flex wrist)

30
Q

Where does the pronator quadratus attach and what does it do?

A
  • attachment to the distal radius and ulna

- pronates the forearm

31
Q

Which nerves innervate the muscles in the posterior forearm?

A

radial nerve

32
Q

Where do the muscles of the posterior forearm originate?

A

lateral epicondyle of the humerus: the ‘common extensor origin’

33
Q

In the superficial layer of the posterior forearm, there are 6 muscles. There are 4 wrist extensors and 2 finger extensors. What are the names?

A

4 wrist extensors:

  • extensor carpi radialis longus
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • extensor carpi ulnaris
  • brachioradialis

2 finger extensors:

  • extensor digitorum
  • extensor digiti minimi
34
Q

Where does the extensor carpi radialis longus insert?

A

2nd metacarpal

35
Q

Where does the extensor carpi radialis brevis insert?

A

3rd metacarpal

36
Q

Where does the extensor carpi ulnaris insert?

A

5th metacarpal

37
Q

Where does the extensor digitorum insert?

A

digits 2-5

38
Q

Where does the extensor digiti minimi insert?

A

little finger

39
Q

What is the extensor expansion?

A

fibrous structure where the finger extensors blend onto

40
Q

Where does the supinator originate?

A

humerus and part of the ulnar

41
Q

What is the function of the supinator?

A

helps to supernate the proximal radial joint

42
Q

There are 5 muscles in the deep layer of the posterior forearm. There is 1 finger extensor, 2 thumb extensors and 1 thumb abductor. What are they called?

A

1 finger extensor: extensor indicis

2 thumb extensors:

  • extensor pollicis longus
  • extensor pollicis brevis

1 thumb abductor:
-abductor pollicis longus

43
Q

Where does the extensor indices insert?

A

the extensor expansion on the dorsal aspect of the finger

44
Q

Where does the extensor pollicis longus insert?

A

1st metacarpal

45
Q

Where does the extensor pollicis brevis insert?

A

1st metacarpal

46
Q

Where does the abductor pollicis longus insert?

A

1st metacarpal

47
Q

What is the anatomical snuffbox?

A

a triangular deepening on the radial, dorsal aspect of hand

48
Q

What are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

A
  • extensor policies longus
  • extensor policies brevis
  • abductor policies longus
49
Q

What are the terminal branches of the brachial artery?

A

radial and ulnar arteries

50
Q

what does the ulnar artery branch into

A

common interosseous branches –> anterior interosseous and posterior inserosseous

51
Q

What are the 2 major superficial veins that drain the hand?

A

cephalic (lateral) and basillic (medial)

52
Q

Where does the cephalic vein form?

A

anatomical snuffbox

53
Q

What is the carpal tunnel?

A

passageway in the wrist - the floor is the arch of the carpus, the roof is a fibrous sheet

54
Q

What travels through the carpal tunnel?

A

long flexor tendons and the median nerve

55
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • compression of the median nerve
  • sensory symptoms develop e.g pins and needles, tingling in areas of skin innervated by medialn nerve
  • weakness in hand muscles innervated by median nerve (small muscles of thumb)
  • weakness/ atrophy

C&M Upper Limb (10 decks)

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