Week 4: Terms and concepts to know Flashcards
Abstract thinking
the ability to find meaning in proverbs; the ability to conceptualize.
Affect
emotional range attached to ideas; outwardly demonstrated; feeling, mood, or emotional tone.
Such as appropriate, blunted, flat, inappropriate, labile.
Akathisia
motor restlessness, generally expressed as the inability to sit still, caused by the dopamine blockade by certain types of neuroleptic medications; an extrapyramidal side effect (EPSE).
Ambivalence
opposing impulses or feelings directed toward the same person or object at the same time
Anergia
absence of energy caused by changes in brain chemistry, anatomy, or both.
Anticholinergic effect
Effect caused by drugs that block acetylcholine receptors. Common anticholinergic effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary hesitance.
Apathy
lack of feeling, interest, or emotion; indifference that is occasionally a mechanism for avoiding intense emotions.
Autism
- preoccupation with self without concern for external reality; a self-made private world of the individual with schizophrenia.
- a disorder markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interactions and communication occurring in early childhood.
Avolition
lack of motivation
Bizarre
markedly unusual in appearance, thought, style, character, or behavior; absurd.
Blocking
unconscious interruption in train of thought
Bradykinesia
slow or retarded movement
Catatonia
immobility as a result of psychological reasons.
Circumstantiality
digression of inappropriate thoughts into ideas, eventually reaching the desired goal
Clang associations
words similar in sound, but not in meaning, that conjure up new thoughts
Cognition
act or process of knowing and perceiving
Concrete communication
inability to think and communicate abstractly
Congruence
accordant states. examples includes mood congruence, in which the person’s visible emotional state correlates with his or her mood or feeling state.
Delusion
fixed, false belief, not consistent with the person;s intelligence and cultural; unamenable to reason.
Includes bizarre, nihilistic, paranoid, persecution, reference, or somatic.
Depersonalization
feeling of unreality or strangeness related to one’s self, body parts, bodily functions, or external environment.
Derealization
distortion of spatial relationships so that the environment becomes unfamiliar.
Distractibillity
inability to concentrate attention
Dyskinesia
disturbed coordination and motor activity, usually producing a jerky motion; an EPSE of neuroleptic medications related to their effect on dopamine receptors
Echopraxia
imitation of the body position of another
Echolalia
psychopathologic repeating of words of one person by another, noted in types of schizophrenia
Extrapyramidal side effects
involuntary muscle movements resulting from the effects of neuroleptic drugs on the extrapyramidal system. These drugs cause a dopamine blockade that creates a dopamine-acetylcholine imbalance. EPSEs include akathisia, akinesia, dystonia, drug induced parkinsonism, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS).
Etiology
study of the causes of disease. including both direct and predisposing effects
Gravely disabled
person who is unable to provide food, clothing, or shelter for himself or herself because of a mental illness
Flight of ideas
speech pattern demonstrated by a rapid transition from topic to topic, frequently without completing any of the preceding ideas; prominent in the manic states.
Idiopathic
without known cause
Ideas of reference
belief that some events have a special meaning (people laughing are perceived as laughing at the patient)
Incidence
the rate at which a certain condition occurs, as the number of new cases of a specific mental disorder occurring during a certain period.
Illusion
misinterpretation os a sensory input; observed in alcoholic withdrawal and delirious states
Ipsilateral
same side of the body
Involuntary commitment
commitment status in which a person who has the legal capacity to consent to mental health treatment refuses to do so and is involuntarily detained for treatment by the state.
Limit setting
holding individuals to established norms with the intent of assisting them to function more constructively
Least restrictive alternative
environment that provides the necessary treatment requirements in the least restrictive setting possible. EX: hospital setting is more restrictive than a board and care setting.
Milieu
environment or setting
Loose association
patterns of speech in which a person’s ideas slip off track onto another that is completely unrelated or only slightly related
Mood
individual’s internal state of mind that is exhibited through feelings and emotions
Milieu management
purposeful manipulation of the environment to promote a therapeutic atmosphere.
Negativism
motiveless resistance to all instruction
Mutsim
refusal to speak
Oculogyric crisis
involuntary toni muscle spasms of the eye. The eyes usually roll upwards in a fixed stare. This very frightening dystonic reaction is caused by antipsychotic drugs
Nihilistic ideas
thoughts of nonexistence and hopelessness
Perseveration
psychopathologic repetition of the same word or idea in response to different questions
Paranoia
extreme suspiciousness of others and their actions
Prevalence
estimate of the frequency of a disease condition in the population (ADHD affects 5-11% of school age children)
Premorbid
state before onset of disorder
Psychopathology
study of underlying processes, both biological and psychosocial, that lead to mental disorders
Psychomotor retardation
markedly slowed speech and body movements
Psychotherapeutic management
model for nursing care that balances the three primary intervention models used by psychiatric nurses: therapeutic nurse-patient relationship, psychopharmacology, and milieu management.
Psychosis
inability to recognize reality, complicated by severe thought disorders and the inability to relate to others.
Stereotypy
continuous repetition of speech or physical activities.
Psychotropic medications
medications used in the treatment of mental illness
Tardive dyskinesia
extrapyramidal syndrome that usually emerges late in the course of long term anitpsychotic drug therapy; includes grimacing, buccolingual movements, and dystonia (impaired muscle tons); might be irreversible
Suicidal ideation
individual’s thinking about and inclination toward self-injury or self-destruction
Dystonia
rigidity in muscles that control posture, gait, or ocular movements; an EPSE of neuroleptic medications that block dopamine
Thought disorder
thinking characterized by loose assoications, neologisms, and illogical constructs and conclusions.
