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N360: Socialization II > Week 4 - Research Questions, Problems, Hypotheses > Flashcards

Week 4 - Research Questions, Problems, Hypotheses Flashcards

1
Q

Research Problem

A

An enigmatic, perplexing, or troubling condition

Often come from clinical practice, but can come from other areas - something is going on and we want to know why

Broad (Ex: HTN is an issue)

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2
Q

Problem Statement

A

A statement articulating the research problem and making an ARGUKMENT to conduct a new study

Mod. Broad/Narrowing in( ex: Breathing studied for other things, but not this so this is why we are trying it this way and why you should try it )

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3
Q

Statement of Purpose

A

Summary of an overall goal

GOAL - of the study - includes objective of study and purpose of this study

Narrow (Ex: In this study I hope to show decrease in HTN in Broome county)

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4
Q

When it comes to research, problems, and hypotheses…

A

start general and get more specific

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5
Q

Problem Statement should do what

A

highlight gaps in the literature that justify your study

The problems and lack of something in the research that is missing - but keep it nursing focused

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6
Q

“What is the relationship between variables in this population?” - Is this a Research Q, Statement of Purpose, or Hypothesis?

A

Research Question - the enigmatic condition

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7
Q

“This study intends to examine the relationship between X and Y in this population” - Is this a Research Q, Statement of purpose, or Hypothesis?

A

Statement of Purpose

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8
Q

“We believe that there is a relationship between X and Y in this population” - Is this a Research Q, Statement of Purpose, or Hypothesis?

A

Hypothesis

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9
Q

PICO

A

Population

Intervention (IV)

Control (DV)

Outcome

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10
Q

From Statement of Purpose we go to what 2 things?

A

Research Questions & Hypotheses

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11
Q

Research Questions

A

The specific queries the research wants to answer in addressing the research problem

“What is the relationship between the IV and DV in this population”

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12
Q

Hypotheses

A

The researcher’s predictions about relationships among variables

The answer to the research questions (in a way) - what the research predicts is going to happen

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13
Q

Hypotheses determines what

A

the design and statistical testing used to answer the research questions as well

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14
Q

Quantitative studies usually involve concepts…

A

that are well developed and for which methods of measurement have been (or can be) developed

*Large amounts of background research and very involved

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15
Q

Qualitative studies are undertaken because…

A

a researcher wants to develop a rich, context-bound understanding of a poorly understood phenomenon

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16
Q

Do Qualitative or Quantitative studies use Hypotheses?

A

Hypotheses are most closely related to quantitative research studies since the whole purpose is hypotheses testing

Qualitative studies don’t have hypotheses so we usually start with question involving phenomenon and population and that’s it

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17
Q

Sources of Research Problems

A

Clinical Experience

Nursing Literature

Global Issues

Political issues

Theory

Suggestion from external sources (e.g., priority statements of national organizations or funders)

Knowledge Based Triggers v Problem Based Triggers

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18
Q

Research Questions should be broad enough …

A

for central concern but narrow enough to study to serve as a guide to study design

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19
Q

Components of a Problem Statement

A
  1. ID the problem (What is wrong with the current situation)
  2. Background (What is the nature or context of the problem)
  3. Scope (how big is the problem and how many people are affected)
  4. Consequences (what are the consequences of not fixing the problem)
  5. Knowledge Gaps (what information about the problem is lacking)
  6. Proposed Sol’n (how will the study contribute to the problems solution)

IBS CKP

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20
Q

What are the 2 ways we speak of scope in a problem statement

A
  1. In terms of Money (Cost of healthcare, increased days of hospitalization, hospital readmissions, cost of pharmaceuticals, costs to healthcare system)
  2. In terms of Experience (Days of life loss, Days of work loss, Development of comorbidities, Med Amounts compared to those w/out the disease)
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21
Q

Quantitative Study Statement of Purpose

A

ID key study variables

ID possible relationships among variables

Indicates the population of interest

Suggests, through use of verbs, the nature of the inquiry (e.g., to test…, to compare…, to evaluate…)

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22
Q

Statement of Purpose is often where in the paper

A

it is often the last sentence before the method section

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23
Q

Qualitative Study Statement of Purposes

A

ID the central phenomenon

Suggests the research tradition (e.g., grounded theory, ethnography)

Indicates the group, community, or setting of interest

Suggests, through use of verbs, the nature of the inquiry (e.g., to describe…, to discover…, to explore…)

Looks for increase in knowledge about particular phenomenon in a particular population

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24
Q

Phenomenological Studies suggest…

A

the research tradition (experience)

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25
Q

Research questions are sometimes direct…

A

rewordings of statements of purpose, worded as questions

Words two variables and population

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26
Q

Research questions are sometimes used to…

A

clarify or lend specificity to the purpose statement

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27
Q

Research questions in quantitative studies, typically …

A

pose queries about the relationships among variables

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28
Q

Research Questions are unique…

A

to nursing

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29
Q

In qualitative studies, research questions …

A

often pose queries linked to the research tradition: Grounded theory, Phenomenology, and Ethnography

30
Q

Grounded Theory key word is ____ questions

A

process

31
Q

Phenomenology key word is ___/___ questions

A

meaning/experience

32
Q

Ethnography key word is ___ ___ questions

A

cultural description

33
Q

Research Hypotheses

A

“Blue Print of the Study”

States an expectation, a predicted answer to the research question

Answer to the research question from earlier

Contains terms that there is a relationship

34
Q

Research Hypotheses should almost always involve ….

A

2 or more variables

35
Q

Research hypotheses suggest…

A

the predicted relationship between the IV and the DV

36
Q

A hypothesis must what?

A
  1. contain terms that indicate a relationship (e.g. more than, different from, associated with)
  2. Is articulated almost exclusively in quantitative (no qualitative) studies
  3. Is tested through statistical procedures
37
Q

A research hypothesis is a ___ statement

A

declarative (those who get this, will have this happen)

38
Q

Research Hypothesis is the “___” to the study question

A

answer

39
Q

Research Hypothesis are in the ___ tense

A

present

40
Q

How should the flow and congruency to research hypothesis go?

A

Problem Statement –> Purpose Statement –> Research Question –> Hypothesis

41
Q

Research Hypothesis

A

States the actual prediction of a relationship

used in all of science; a universal language

42
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Expresses the absence of a relationship

rarely stated, usually assumed

43
Q

Null hypothesis are only used in…

A

statistical testing

44
Q

What is the mathematical expression for Research hypothesis

A

H1

45
Q

What is the mathematical expression for Null Hypothesis

A

H0

46
Q

What is the mathematical expression of what the null hypothesis means

A

Mean of Experimental Group = Mean of the Control Group

(A regular hypothesis says these are not equal)

47
Q

We accept or reject the ___ hypothesis, not the __ hypothesis

A

null; research

48
Q

How does null account for standard deviation

A

So there can be an average and then test groups and have some variation, and the null says that despite this difference they are the same in measurement - the research hypothesis would say these things are different

So the null is true until otherwise shown by the research to be different (stats)

49
Q

Research hypotheses are formally tested with…

A

statistical analysis

50
Q

Cannot prove, only ___

A

support

51
Q

If the hypothesis has a statistically significant change of being correct it can still only be…

A

“Probably correct” - cannot prove, only support

52
Q

Cannot confirm or reject the ___ hypothesis, but can accept or reject the ___

A

research; null

53
Q

Directional Hypothesis

A

Specifies the expected direction of the relationship between variables

54
Q

Nondirectional Hypothesis

A

Predicts the existence of a relationship, not its direction

Descriptive: What is the relationship between X and Y

Research question asks if relationship exists - is there a relationship between X and Y

55
Q

What are some words for directional hypothesis

A

“less than”

“greater”

“more”

“decrease in”

“increase in”

56
Q

Yerkes Dodson Law is an example or directional or nondirectional?

A

Yerkes dodson says optimal performance will decrease until a point where anxiety will make it decline

DIRECTIONAL

57
Q

Simple Hypothesis

A

Relationship between 2 variables

limiting hypo to only one relationship between 2 variables can add clarity when understanding the relationship between the variables and the conclusion that follows data analysis

58
Q

Complex Hypothesis

A

Relationships between 3 or more variables (1 IV with mult DV)

59
Q

Associative Relationships

A

Variables exist side by side

Change in one goes along with change in another but … may not cause change in another

ex: # of cups of coffee associative with # of cigs. smoked - but which is causing which

60
Q

Causal Relationships

A

One variable brings about a change in one or more variables

“Directional Hypothesis”

Ex: Smoking causes lung cancer

Lots of science to get causal

61
Q

Hypothesis are never ___ or ___

A

proved or disproved

62
Q

Stat. Hypothesis Testing cannot provide…

A

absolute proof - only probabilistic information to support an inference that a hypothesis is PROBABLY CORRECT (or not)

63
Q

Hypotheses are ___ or ___ by study data

A

supported or rejected

64
Q

When reading articles - ways to critically appraise problems, questions, and hypotheses

A

evaluate whether researchers have adequately communicated their research problem

Consider whether the problem has significance for nursing and evidence based practice

Determine whether the research problem is compatible with the chosen research paradigm and its associated methods

Evaluate whether the statement of purpose or research questions lend themselves to research inquiry

65
Q

What is the IV, DV, Complexity, and Direction of the following Hypothesis: “Older pt.s are at greater risk of experiencing a fall than younger patients”

A

IV - Age

DV - Fall Rate

Simple - 1 IV and 1 DV

Directional (“greater”)

66
Q

What is the IV, DV, Complexity, and Direction of the following Hypothesis: “Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients’ medication than structured postoperative support”

A

IV - Type of support (preop or postop)

D: Perception of pain and requests for pain medication

Complex - 2 DVs

Directional (“more”)

67
Q

“15 minutes rounding on nursing home residents at risk for falls is no more effective than 30 minute rounding”

Research or Null Hypothesis?

A

Null Hypothesis

No difference in falls between frequency of roundings

68
Q

T/F: The statement of purpose makes an argument to conduct a new study

A

False

rationale: The problem statement articulates the research problem and makes an argument to conduct a new study. The statement of purpose is a summary of an overall goal

69
Q

The statement of purpose for a qualitative study would include:

A - ID of the key study variables

B - Suggestions for the research tradition

C - indication of the population of interest

D - ID of the relationship among variables

A

B - Suggestions for the research tradition

Rationale: The statement of purpose for a qualitative study would include a suggestion for the research tradition. ID of key study variables, indications for the population of interest, and identification of the possible relationships among the variables are included in the statement of purpose for a quantitative study

70
Q

T/F: A hypothesis most commonly involves one variable

A

False

Rationale: A hypothesis should always involve at least two variables and possibly more

N360: Socialization II (13 decks)

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