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N360: Socialization II > Sampling and Data Collection in Qualitative Studies > Flashcards

Sampling and Data Collection in Qualitative Studies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the selection of sample members guided by in qualitative research

A

Desire for INFORMATION RICH DATA SOURCES

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2
Q

___ is not a key issue in qualitative research and ___ ___ is not considered productive

A

representativeness; random selection

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3
Q

Types of Qualitative Sampling

A

Convenience

Snowball Sampling

Purposive Sampling

Theoretical Sampling

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4
Q

Convenience (Volunteer) Sampling [Qualitative Research]

A

Same as in quantitative research but not considered as weak

Still not the preferred approach but it is economical

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5
Q

Snowball Sampling (Network Sampling)

A

Sample might be restricted to a small network of acquaintances - these acquaintances can then continue to add more samples

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6
Q

Purposive Sampling

A

researchers deliberately choose the cases that will best contribute to the study

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7
Q

Theoretical Sampling

A

involves decisions about where to find data to develop an emerging theory optimally

make decisions where to find data and how to make emergent theory from the data

Involves selecting sample members who best facilitate and contribute to the development of the emerging theory

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8
Q

Types of Purposive Sampling in Qualitative Research

A

Maximum variation sampling

Extreme/Deviant Case Sampling

Typical case sampling

Criterion Sampling

Confirming and disconfirming cases

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9
Q

Maximum Variation Sampling

A

picking cases with a range of variation in dimensions we are interested in

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10
Q

Extreme/Deviant Case Sampling

A

Looking for the most extreme informants in a case like notable failures or extreme success

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11
Q

Typical Case Sampling

A

Want to pick most average sample of the dimension we are interested in

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12
Q

Criterion Sampling

A

Sampling cases meeting a predetermined criterion for importance

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13
Q

Confirming and Disconfirming Cases

A

Sampling used later in a study to find samples that confirm or deconfirm the emerging theory or ideas

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14
Q

What is the preferred sampling method in gorunded theory research and why?

A

Theoretical Sampling - this is because we are constantly using emergent design in grounded theory

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15
Q

What is the sample size usually like in qualitative research

A

there is no explicit formal criteria for sample size as there is no power analysis and size needed - sample size is instead determined by informational needs

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16
Q

When do qualitative researchers know when to stop sampling

A

Via Data Saturation - If you are hearing similar stories and themes over and over you can decide to stop recruiting for the study

So you could end sampling early with fewer sources fi they are rich ones

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17
Q

____ ____ can affect sample size in qualitative research

A

Data Quality

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18
Q

What is sampling like with Ethnography Tradition

A

Sampling with a “big net” approach - mingling with many members of the culture

Multiple interviews with smaller number of KEY INFORMANTS - but typically involves sampling THINGS as well as people

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19
Q

What is sampling like with the Phenomenology Tradition

A

Relies on very SMALL samples (15 or fewer oftentimes)

2 Principles guide sampling: the participant must have experienced the phenomenon of interest and they must eb able to articulate what its like to have lived that experience

May sample some artistic or literary sources as well

20
Q

Which tradition usually has the smallest sample size and why

A

Phenomenology because rich interviews can lead to data saturation faster

21
Q

What is sampling like with the Grounded Theory Tradition

A

Usually 20-30 people

Selection of participants who can best contribute to emerging theory (Usually THEORETICAL SAMPLING) is done

So they have a general notion of who to start with and as things change they recruit new

22
Q

What 3 things should be looked at when critically appraising qualitative sampling plans

A
  1. Appropriateness (does the method of sampling seem right)
  2. Adequacy (Does it provide samples with rich data)
  3. Transferability (Nebulous - am I seeing similarities between study samples)
23
Q

Lots of qualitative data is in the form of ___

A

words (transcripts and audio recording)

24
Q

What is unique about data collection in qualitative studies

A

Data collection methods may change as the study progresses

25
Q

What are the most common methods of data collection in qualitative studies

A

indepth interviews - and observation (good for ethnographic and some phenomenological)

26
Q

Unstructured Interview

A

Type of Qual Self Report Technique

Totally open ended, conversational, and totally flexible beginnings of data collection

This is good since we do not know what we do not know and structured questions will limit information

Uses Grand Tour Questions

27
Q

Grand Tour Questions

A

Questions in Unstructured Interviews

involves grand overarching questions followed up with related open ended questions

Allows you to follow a tangent or unexpected road of information

Usually only start with 3-4 overarching questions

28
Q

Semi Structured Interviews

A

Type of qualitative self report

Data collection similar to unstructured interviews but uses a topic guide for staying on track

Can limit some information

29
Q

Focus Group Interviews

A

Type of qual self report technique

Interviews led by a MODERATOR in small groups (5-10 people)

The moderator is trained in focus group methods and amages the conversation between people

Basically group interviews - they are often recorded and later transcribed

30
Q

Diaries

A

Type of qualitative self report

Source of historical research that provide intimate details of everyday life

Can yield unique qualitative information

31
Q

Photo Elicitation

A

Type of qual self report technique

Interview stimulated and guided by photographic images

Using photos to guide the interview or having participants take photos to gain information on experiences or insight on the experience

32
Q

Photovoice

A

Type of photo elicitation where the participants take images themselves and interpret them

33
Q

Qualitative Observation

A

Unstructured observation in a naturalistic setting including participant observation

So the researcher knows they are part of a natrualistic setting so some of their involvement is put into the interpretation of the observation

34
Q

Why is the Hawthorne effect, while still an issue, not as big of an issue in qualitative research than quantitative

A

Because while it changes behavior it can add some richness that you would not normally get

The research just has to keep in mind that some of what they bring to the table affects the participant

35
Q

Why do researchers in qualitative research gather narrative self report data

A

to develop a construction of a phenomenon consistent with that of the understanding of the participant

36
Q

Making a construction of a phenomenon in qualitative researh requies the research to do what

A

overcome communicaiton barriers and enhance information flow - get unobstructed flow of info between research and participant

37
Q

What are some of the things to look at during participant observation in qualitative research

A

physical setting

participants

activities

frequency and duration of activities

process

outcomes- why it did or didnt happen etc

38
Q

Field Diaries/Notes (Logs)

A

Records of qual. observations

Can be (1) descriptive observational notes or (2) reflective ones

The notes should show a reconstructable situation but show research reflecting on what is happening to acknowledge they know in a constructivist paradigm they cannot remove themselves so they should be observing and reflecting on the progress

39
Q

Reflective Notes involve what 3 things

A
  1. Researchers Personal Experiences
  2. Reflections
  3. Progress in the fields
40
Q

Unstructured observational methods are an excellent methodd for…

A

capturing many clinical phenomena and behaviors

41
Q

In unstructured observational methods, observers may lose objectivity in sampling, viewing and interpreting observations. Why is this ok?

A

It can be okay as long as we have measures like multiple researchers to prevent one researcher’s emotions from skewing results and we can triangulate some information

Researchers should also be aware of the emotional involvement concern and be able to account for it

It is ok as long as we maintain that they dont get a myopic view on the situation

42
Q

Success of participant observation in qualitative unstructured observational research depends on…

A

the observer’s observational and interpersonal skills

43
Q

T/F: Sampling in qualitative research is guided more by the desire for rich sources of information than by the need for random selection

A

True

Rationale: Selection of sample members for qualitative research is guided by the desire for information rich sources. The representativeness of the sample is not a key aspect, and random selection is not considered productive

44
Q

T/F: A focus group involves at least 10-15 people

A

False

Rationale: A focus group usually involves interviews with small groups ranging in size from 5-10 people

45
Q

T/F: In qualitative studies observation is unstructured

A

True

Rationale: Observation with qualitative study is unstructured and occurs in naturalistic settings

N360: Socialization II (13 decks)

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