Week 4 Regional Peripheral Blocks Flashcards
head and neck, lower, upper
complications of Head and neck blocks:
IV injection Subarachnoid or epidural placement of LA Nerve injury Bleeding Infection
Absolute Contraindications (of any nerve block):
- Patient refusal
- Uncorrected coagulation deficiencies
- Infection at the site of the block
- Systemic anticoagulation
Relative Contraindications (of any nerve block):
- Arbitrary values for platelet counts of less than 100,000
- Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and bleeding times that are elevated
- Severe bleeding with or without symptomatic hypovolemia or the potential for severe bleeding
- Patient age
- Uncooperative and/or Confused patients
- Chronic neurological disorders
- Local anesthetic allergy
- Caution with patients that have history of Mobitz I, II, or third degree heart block ***
- Peripheral neuropathy
Cervical Plexus
insert image
cervical plexus blocks can be used in various surgical procedures including
- neck and shoulders,
- Para/thyroid operations, and
- carotid endarterectomies
Cervical plexus is formed from the ;
the anterior rami of C1-C4
Cervical plexus supplies sensation to the:
Supplies sensation to the
- jaw,
- neck,
- occiput,
- chest and
- shoulder
Lumbar plexus supplies _______ innervation to:
motor AND Sensory innervation to anterior portion
-and cutaneous sensory medial lower leg
The largest nerve trunk in the body?
Sciatic
Sciatic nerve is derived from :
anterior rami of L4-S3
Name the 4 major nerves that supply all of the lower extremity:
- Lateral cutaneous nerve (common peroneal)
- Femoral nerve (anterior crural nerve)
- Obturator nerve
- Sciatic nerve
Lumbar Plexus Block does not supply complete anesthesia of LE because it cannot achieve blockade of:
- the sacral roots that supply the sciatic nerve
- need to do a different blocks for complete block of LE
This block has the HIGHEST complication raters of any peripheral nerve block:
Posterior Lumbar Plexus (PSOAS COMPARTMENT) block
-it is relatively close to multiple sensitive structures
Needle size and gauge needed to perform a Posterior lumbar plexus (psoas) compartment block:
- 8-15cm insulated
- 21 g
When performing a Posterior lumbar plexus (psoas) compartment block what femoral motor response is elicited? What is the mV requirement?
- Quadriceps
- < or = 0.5 mA
When performing a Posterior lumbar plexus (psoas) compartment block how much volume of LA is administered?
20-30mL of LA
LA volumes greater than 20mL may increase the risk of: (2)
- bilateral spread and
2. contralateral limb involvement
Name the nerves involved in a femoral 3 in 1 block:
- femoral
- lateral femoral cutaneous
- obtruator nerves
Considerations for femoral nerve block: (3)
- local infection
- hx of vascular grafting
- local adenopathy (large lymph nodes)
Needle size and gauge to perform a femoral block:
short 5 cm insulated needle
22G
volume of LA injected when performing a femoral block:
30-40 mL of LA
a femoral 3 in 1 block by most is regarded as :
femoral nerve block only
indications for femoral block:
- post op pain relief of knee surgeries (hip and ankle)
- surgical indications: soft tissue exploration, biopsy, repair of lac of the anterior thigh
blocking the SAPHENOUS vein occurs in what block?
femoral NB
Lateral Femoral cutaneous nerve block is (type of block)
What area?
- purely sensory nerve
- to lateral aspect of the thigh
Complications with lateral femoral cutaneous nerve blocks are:
rare
complications are rare
lateral fem. cutaneous NB’s are used in the dx and tx of:
meralgia parasthetica (pain syndrome; tingling/numbness/burning pain of outer thigh)
procedures of what areas that use a posterior lumbar plexus (psoas compartment) block ?
Hip
knee
anterior thigh
Needle size and gauge for completing a Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block:
short: 3-4 cm
22 g
after careful aspiration, how much volume of LA is injected above and below the fasica lata of a lateral femoral cutaneous NB?
10-15mL of LA
In theory, direct nerve injury is possible, but in clinical practice this is one of the few nerve blocks:
for lateral femoral cutaneous NB
with no side effects or complications
Obturator Nerve is both a
motor and sensory nerve
- sensory: hip & knee joints, medial thigh
- motor: adductors of hip
Obturator Nerve block is most often performed in combination with
femoral and sciatic nerve blocks
… for complete anesthesia of the knee
What nerve block is required to complete anesthesia of the knee?
obturator nerve
obturator nerve often gets pinched in what position?
lithotomy
Landmark to identify in obturator block:
tip of the pubic tubercle
needle length required for obturator block:
10cm block needle — inserted until bone is contacted
what motor response is elicited in an obturator block?
thigh ADDuction
volume of LA injected in an aobturator block?
15-20 mL of LA
sciatic block is in combination with what two additional blocks to provide complete anesthesia and post-op analgesia for LE surgery?
- Lumbar Plexus
2. Femoral Block 3 in 1
the sciatic nerve is the continuation of the
upper division of the sacral plexus
sciatic nerve originates from the
lumbosacral trunk and is composed of
nerve roots L4-5, S1-3
Sciatic nerve innervates the muscles of the
posterior thigh
skin of the leg
muscles of the LE (MAINLY by tibial and peroneal portions of sciatic nerve)
Needle length for a sciatic block:
Long, 10 cm at perpendicular angle
volume injected in a sciatic block
25 mL of LA
what motor response is elicited in a sciatic block? What is PREFERRED for surgical anesthesia?
- Plantar or dorsiflexion
- Plantar flexion: distal ankle, foot, toes, or foot inversion
Major risk with sciatic nerve (popliteal approach) block?
vascular puncture
sciatic nerve divides into:
- Common Peroneal
2. Tibial
Posterior approach (popliteal) to sciatic nerve block needle length and gauge:
insulated 5-10cm
22g
volume of LA injected for a Posterior approach (popliteal) to sciatic nerve block
30-40ml
saphenous nerve may be blocked by injecting:
5-10mL of LA in a subcutaneous ring
from the medial aspect of the tibia to the border of the patellar tendon
saphenous nerve block is done with what size needle?
short 2 cm
distal to the tibial tuberosity and medially
Ankle block indications - it is used for both
analgesia and anesthesia
in an ankle block, avoid excessive LA volumes and avoid
epinephrine
(to avoid risk of ischemic complications
Avoid epi in: (4)
Fingers
Toes
Penis
Nose
An ankle block includes what 5 nerves?
- posterior tibial
- deep peroneal nerve
- superficial peroneal nerve
- Sural nerve
- Saphenous nerve (terminal branch of femoral)
** if the surgery does not require all 5 nerves to be blocked, then do not do it**
The only nerve NOT a part of the sciatic system in an ankle block is:
saphenous nerve
In an ankle block, in each injection, what is the amount of LA injected?
5mL x 5 injections
In a Brachial Plexus block, the higher up the block…
the greater the area covered
Name the 5 anatomic areas for blocking the brachial plexus:
- Paravertebral
- Supraclavicular
- Infraclavicular
- Axillary
- Blocking the specific terminal nerves
** how many cervical nerves are there?
8 cervical - only 7 cervical vertebrae , but 8 nerves
how many thoracic nerves are there?
12 thoracic nerves
how many lumbar & sacral nerves are there?
5 lumbar
5 sacral
Spinal nerves mneumonic:
“Breakfast at 8, Lunch at 12, Dinner at 5”
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar/ sacral
**Total number of spinal nerves?
31
8+12+5+5+1 (coccygeal) = 31
**Each spinal nerve has an
Anterior and posterior root
- posterior roots form ganglia
- anterior roots join to form plexuses
Brachial plexus if formed by the anterior divisions of:
C5, 6, 7, 8, and T1 nerves
between the scalenes
Lumbar plexus if formed by the roots of
lumbar 1-4
Sacral plexus is formed by the roots of
lumbar 4-5, sacral 1-3 nerves
Is there are thoracic plexus?
no - except T1 in brachial plexus
and some T12 in lumbar plexus
Break down of the Brachial plexus:
- 5 roots
- 3 trunks
- 6 divisions
- 3 cords
As ________ leave the intervertebral foramina, they form, trunks, divisions, cords, and then terminal nerves
Nerve roots
Three brachial trunks and roots formed by
- Superior c5-6
- Middle C7
- Inferior C8-T1
- *all lie b/w anterior and middle scalene muscles
- all pass over lateral border of 1st rib under clavicle and divide into anterior/posterior divisions
How many brachial divisions are there?
6 divisions (at lateral edge of the 1st rib; behind clavicle)
- 3 anterior
- 3 posterior
How many Cords are in the brachial plexus?
3
-names for their relationship to the axillary artery
Lateral cord is the union of
anterior divisions of upper and middle trunks
Posterior cord is
all 3 posterior divisions
Medial cord is continuation of
anterior division of the inferior trunk
**Major nerve of Lateral cord:
Musculocutaneous nerve
-gives off lateral branch of median nerve and terminates as musc.
**Major nerve of Posterior cord:
Radial Nerve
-gives off the axillary nerve and terminates as the radial nerve
**Major nerve of Medial Cord:
Ulnar Nerve
-gives off medial branch of the median nerve adn terminates as ul. nerve
At the lateral border of pectoralis minor muscle, each cord gives off a large branch before terminating as a major
terminal nerve