Week 1 Neuroanatomy 1 of 4

Question 1

Spinal block?

Answer 1

small amount of LA is injected directly into the CSF. -it produces an intense, rapid, and predictable neural blockade

Question 2

Epidural Block?

Answer 2

It requires a tenfold increase in dose to fill the epidural space and penetrate the nerve roots. -it has a slower onset.

Question 3

What is a caudal block?

Answer 3

injecting into the sacral hiatus

A caudal block is a pain relief technique that’s characterized by the injection of LA and anti-inflammatory medications into the lower sacral bone of the spine. It’s most commonly used on infants and children ** not in mo’s powerpoints but the concept was an objective**

Question 4

Identify the Intervertebral foramen in the image:

Answer 4

red outline b/w verterbrae

Question 5

Locate the intervertebral disc in the image:

Answer 5

spongey like substance b/w two discs

Question 6

Typical vertebra consist of 5 things:

Answer 6

1. Body 2. vertebral arch 3. Seven Processes 4. Vertebral Foramen 5. Vertebral notches –> Processes

Question 7

The vertebral arch is formed by

Answer 7

pedicles and laminae

Question 8

The function of the seven processes is for:

Answer 8

-muscle attachment -

Question 9

The function of the seven processes is for:

Answer 9

-muscle attachment - formation of vertebral foramen

Question 10

The vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord is:

Answer 10

the vertebral foramen

Question 11

Name (and number of) the different types of vertebral processes

Answer 11

7 total: - Spinous (1) - Transverse (2) - Articular processes (4)

Question 12

Role of Articular processes

Answer 12

to connect adjacent vertebrae

Question 13

Spinal cord ends at

Answer 13

L2-L3

Question 14

Conus medullaris at

Answer 14

L1-L2

Question 15

Dural Sac ends at

Answer 15

S2

Question 16

Number of vertebra in cervical (c) spine?

Answer 16

7 (c1-c7)

Question 17

Number of vertebra in Thoracic (T) spine?

Answer 17

12 (T1-T12)

Question 18

Number of vertebra in Lumbar (L) spine?

Answer 18

5 (L1-L5)

Question 19

The sacrum is a fusion of

Answer 19

5 sacral (s) vertebrae. (S1-S5)

Question 20

The role of the Internal and External terminal filum is to

Answer 20

anchor the spinal cord *fibers!! no feelings*

Question 21

Ligamentous elements provide:

Answer 21

-structural support -with supporting muscles; help maintain the unique shape.

Question 22

Ligamentous elements provide:

Answer 22

-structural support -with supporting muscles; help maintain the unique shape.

Question 23

The name for the “horse tail”

Answer 23

Cauda Equina

Question 24

Internal Terminal Filum role:

Answer 24

Anchors Pial Aspect of spinal cord

Question 25

External Terminal Filum role:

Answer 25

Anchors Dural aspect of spinal cord

Question 26

Name of area where spinal cord terminates

Answer 26

Conus medullaris

Question 27

important anatomical landmark for head down position of fetus:

Answer 27

anterior Sacral promontory

Question 28

Distinguishing feature of Coccyx

Answer 28

Fused together \*so are the sacral vertebrae but he didn't mention it specifically

Question 29

Identify: -Dura -Arachnoid - Epidural Space -Pia -Subarachnoid space

Answer 29

B -Dura C -Arachnoid F - Epidural Space H -Pia I -Subarachnoid space

Question 30

Identify epidural vs spinal in image:

Answer 30

A - Epidural B- Spinal

Question 31

Lumbar region is generally safer for injection due to what reason?

Answer 31

No structures that can be harmed by needle -all cauda equina

Question 32

Lumbar region is generally safer for injection due to what reason?

Answer 32

No structures that can be harmed by needle -all cauda equina

Question 33

What position is ideal for lumbar puncture?

Answer 33

maximum flexion "think like shrimp"

Question 34

Name the anatomical landmarks for locating L4

Answer 34

Superior iliac crest

Question 35

Name the anatomical landmarks for locating L4

Answer 35

Superior iliac crest

Question 36

What is a lumbar puncture?

Answer 36

when CSF is obtained from the lumbar subarachnoid space

Question 37

What subarachnoid space is pierced in a lumbar puncture?

Answer 37

L4 &L5

Question 38

Name structures (in order) pierced in spinal :

Answer 38

Skin Subcutaneous Tissue Supraspinous Ligament Interspinous Ligament Ligamentum Flavum Epidural Space Dura Mater Subdural Space Arachnoid Mater Subarachnoid space "Some say sister Ida loves doing acid"

Question 39

Name structures (in order) pierced in epidural:

Answer 39

Skin Subcutaneous Tissue Supraspinous Ligament Interspinous Ligament Ligamentum Flavum Epidural Space

Question 40

in a lateral approach, what structures will you NOT pass through?

Answer 40

Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

Question 41

Resting state of the action potential is what voltage?

Answer 41

-70mV - -90mV

Question 42

at rest, the nerve membrane is more permeable to

Answer 42

K+ (than to Na+)

Question 43

Leaky K+ channels are responsible for

Answer 43

resting membrane potential

Question 44

the Na+/K+ pump maintains

Answer 44

resting membrane potential

Question 45

Na/K pump ratio

Answer 45

3 Na OUT and 2 K IN

Question 46

Nerve Impulse (action potential) is a property of

Answer 46

Excitable cells (nerve, muscles)

Question 47

Excitable cells that consist of a rapid depolarization (or upstroke) and is followed by

Answer 47

Repolarization of membrane potential

Question 48

Upstroke of the AP (depolarization) is:

Answer 48

1. Inward Na+ movement 2. Lidocaine block these voltage sensitive Na+ ch and abolish AP.

Question 49

Lidocaine blocks the

Answer 49

voltage sensitive Na+ ch and abolish AP.

Question 50

Downstroke of the AP (repolarization) is:

Answer 50

1. Outward K+ movement 2. Inward current (flow of Na+ into the cell) depolarizes the membrane potential, while outward flow of K+ hyperpolarize the Membrane potential.

Question 51

Na and K flow by

Answer 51

simple diffusion

Question 52

Action potential is constant

Answer 52

shape and size

Question 53

action potential follows which law?

Answer 53

all or none (no percentage)

Question 54

Threshold is the membrane potential at which:

Answer 54

the AP is inevitable

Question 55

Propagation or spread of AP

Answer 55

60 m/ sec Myelinated vs Non-Myelinated fibers

Question 56

Refractory Period

Answer 56

Due to closure of inactivation gates of Na+

Question 57

absolute refractory period is a period during which

Answer 57

another AP cannot be elicited, no matter how large the stimulus. -Due to closure of inactivation gates of Na+

Question 58

Relative refractory period is a period during which

Answer 58

an AP can be elicited ONLY if a larger than usual stimulus is provided.

Question 59

Purpose of a refractory period

Answer 59

-protect the cell from over-excitation. -it allows a recovery period b/w the AP's.

Question 60

What protects the cell from over-excitation.

Answer 60

Refractory period