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introductory concepts sport and exercise science > week 4: pulmonary response to exercise > Flashcards

week 4: pulmonary response to exercise Flashcards

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1
Q

four key components of external respiration

A

air moves from atmosphere to lungs
gas exchange between lung and blood
O2 and CO2 transported in blood
gas exchange: systemic tissue and blood

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2
Q

internal resp

A

O2 utilised in mitochondria to generate ATP to enable muscular contraction

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3
Q

external resp=

A

internal resp

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4
Q

upper airway function

A

warms air
moistens and filters air as it passes through the mouth and naval passages

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5
Q

lower airway tract function

A

air passes through trachea
traves to a lung via a bronchi
passes through many bronchioles to alveoli

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6
Q

where does gas exchange take place

A

alveoli

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7
Q

can divide respiratory tract into

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

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8
Q

conducting zone airways

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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9
Q

respiratory zone airways

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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10
Q

respiratory muscles divided into

A

inspiratory
expiatory

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11
Q

primary muscle of inspiration

A

diaphragm- highly oxidative domed shape muscle

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12
Q

what does the diaphragm seperate

A

thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

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13
Q

accessory inspiratory muscles

A

scalenes
pectoralis minor
sternocleidomastoid

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14
Q

other primary inspiratory muscles

A

intercoastal muscles

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15
Q

at rest muscles of expiration

A

no muscular contraction
as it is driven by elastic recoil of thoracic wall

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16
Q

as ventilation rate increases,

A

expiratory muscles are recruited

abdominal wall muscles:
rectus abdominus
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominis
external abdominal oblique

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17
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

mechanical process that allows the flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs and occurs due to differences in pressure

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18
Q

at rest

A

pressure outside the lungs and pressure inside lung equal- no flow of air form atmoshphere to air or vise versa

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19
Q

inhalation pressure changes

A

diaphragm contracts- pulling downwards, increasing vol of chest
intercoastal muscle contract- expanding ribcage
pressure inside chest lowered

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20
Q

when air pressure in chest is lowered

A

air moves from atmosphere into chest

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21
Q

Boyle’s law

A

pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship

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22
Q

exhalation pressure changes

A

intercostal muscles relax-ribcage drops inwards and downwards
diaphragm relaxes - moves back upwards
decrease vol in chest

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23
Q

decrease in alveoli vol and increase in alveoli pressure

A

air moves from lung to atmophere

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24
Q

difference between capacities and volumes

A

capacities are the summation of volumes

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25
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air that moves in or out of lungs with each respiratory cycle
normal breathing sat at rest

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26
Q

inspiratory reserve volume - IRV

A

the extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration

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27
Q

expiratory reserve volume- ERV

A

the extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached by a normal quiet expiration

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28
Q

why can we not completely empty lungs

A

to maintain pressure and avoid lobes of lungs collapsing

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29
Q

residual volume

A

amount left in lungs after complete expiration

30
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

normal tidal vol + inspiratory reserve vol

31
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve vol + residual col

32
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air we can expire after maximum inspiration
(important for lung function)

33
Q

total lung capacity

A

all volumes and capacitys

34
Q

predicted lung vols and capacities based on

A

sex
age
stature

35
Q

can predict

A

forced via capacity in litres - FVC
forced expiratory volume in the first second in litres per second- FEV1

36
Q

stature measurment

A

stature in meters

37
Q

minute ventilation- VE

A

refers to the total amount of air that flows into or out of the lungs per minute
tidal vol x breaths per min

38
Q

average respiratory rate at rest

A

12 breaths per min

39
Q

average tidal vol

A

500ml per breath

40
Q

average VE

A

6L per minute

41
Q

why is it important to differentiate between minute and alveoli ventilation

A

only a proportion of air that is breathed in participates in gas exchange-
remaining air fills trachea, bronchi and bronchioles (dead space)

42
Q

respiratory responses to exercise

A
  1. ensures arterial PO2 is well maintained for exercising muscles
  2. eliminates metabolic and non-metabolic C02 ( in order to maintain arterial PCO2)
  3. assist with maintaining acid-base balance of blood
43
Q

what does gas diffuse down

A

its partial pressure grad
from high to low

44
Q

pp of O2 in atmosphere at sea lelvel

A

160mmHg

45
Q

partial pressure of CO2 in atmosphere at sea level

A

0.3mmHg

46
Q

partial pressure of gasses in lung

A

PAO2: 100mmHg
PACO2: 40mmHg

47
Q

sig decrease P02
sig increase pCO2
why

A

never completly empty lung (residual vol)
gas from atmosphere mixes with residual volume

48
Q

interstitial fluid surrounding capillaries

A

lower because cells are respiring to consume oxygen
cells produce carbon dioxide
depends on metbailic activity in cell

49
Q

in the pulmonary capillaries

A

02 diffuses from alveolar air to blood in pulmonary capillaries
binds to haemoglobin

50
Q

systemic capillaries

A

dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin
oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue

51
Q

haemoglobin- oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right when

A

decreased affinity of oxygen and haemoglobin
hgiher PO2 required to acheive any given level of saturation

52
Q

rightward shift indicates

A

oxygen unloaded more easily
makes it more available to metabolically active tissue

53
Q

decrease in pH and increase in body temp facilitates

A

unloading of oxygen from Hb into working muscle

54
Q

how is metabolic CO2 produced

A

oxidative breakdown of macronutrients for ATP production

55
Q

why does metabolic CO2 need to be removed by the respiratory system during exercise

A

to maintain PCO2

56
Q

CO2 action at systemic capillaries

A

CO2 produced in tissues diffuses in red blood cells

57
Q

what does an increased PCO2 in red blood cells cause

A

majority of carbon dioxide molecules converted to bicarbonate
some bind to Hb
some dissolve in blood

58
Q

bicarbonate action

A

transported out of rbc into plasma
H+ ions buffered by binding to haemoglobin

59
Q

CO2 movement at lungs

A

CO2 diffuses from blood (pulmonary vein) to alveolar air
decreases PCO2 in blood

60
Q

what happens as PCO2 of red blood cells decreases

A

-bicarbonate enters rbc
-H+ ions released form haemoglobin
-H+ and bicarbonate converted to CO2
-diffuses into alveoli
expired from lung

61
Q

what is respiratory system controlled by

A

autonomic nervous system

62
Q

respiratory control centre includes

A

medulla oblongata
pons in brain-breathing control cnetres

63
Q

what type of feedback loop is ventilation

A

negative

64
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

located in medulla
detect change in PCO2

65
Q

CHEMORECEPTORS

A

highly specialised cells responsible for acquiring information about chemical environment
convey info to neurons
(control centre)

66
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

located in carotid and aortic bodies
detect change in PO2 PCO2 and H+

67
Q

when chemoreceptors feed back to brainstem and respiratory centers

A

feed forward to breathing muscles to increase/ decrease rate and force of contraction according to metabolic demand
increase/ decrease alveolar ventilation rate
changes blood pH, PaCO2, PaO2
then detected by chemoreceptors again (loop)

68
Q

exercise hypernoea

A

increase rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise intensity

69
Q

two ways to increase minute ventilation

A

increase tidal vol
increase breathing freq

70
Q
A

introductory concepts sport and exercise science (11 decks)

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