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introductory concepts sport and exercise science > week 4: > Flashcards

week 4: Flashcards

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1
Q

what is exercise a challenge to

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

muscle blood flow and exercise intensity relationship

A

directly proportional until saturation point has been hit

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3
Q

reasons for saturation point

A

opened up as many blood vessels as you can
can’t increase exercise intensity anymore

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4
Q

cardiac output= (litres per minute)

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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5
Q

stroke volume

A

volume ejected by ventricle per beat

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6
Q

bradycardic

A

less than 60bpm

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7
Q

tachycardic

A

over 90bpm

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8
Q

fox’s formula

A

max heart rate = 220-age

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9
Q

more recent max heart rate formula

A

211- (0.64) x age

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10
Q

relationship between heart rate and the amount of work being performed

A

very positive correlation
r=0.99

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11
Q

peak heart rate often hit when

A

peak oxygen transport hit (V02 max)

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12
Q

Karvonen heart rate reserve method

A

max hr- resting hr = HRR
moderate = 60-70% HRR

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13
Q

how much can cardiac output increase by during exercise

A

normally 4-6 fold
( from 4-8 litres per min- 20-25)

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14
Q

stroke volume increase during exericse

A

30% increase compared to at rest
80ml per beat - 120/140ml per beat

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15
Q

heart rate increase during exercise

A

2-3 fold
60 bpm- 180bpm

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16
Q

what does exercise anticipation activate

A

sympathetic neurons in hypothalamus

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17
Q

what nerve switches off during exercise and what nerve becomes activated

A

vagal (parasympathetic) nerves switches off
sympathetic nerve becomes activated

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18
Q

what does sympathetic nerve becoming activated cause

A

SA nodes intrinsic firing frequency accelerates
faster heart rate
gets stronger until peak HR reached

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19
Q

what does sympathetic nervous stimulation of adrenal medulla release

A

epinephrine

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20
Q

effects of epinephrine

A

delivered by blood
accelerates SA nod discharge
dilates coronary vessels
increases myocardial metabolism

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21
Q

what do efferent sympathetic fibers increase

A

heart rate
myocardial contractility
dilate coronary arteries

22
Q

changes in muscle during exercise

A

elevated temp
decreased local O2
elevated local CO2
falling local pH
increasing local adenosine
increased nitric oxide
elevated local K+

23
Q

what do all of these local factors do

A

open up blood vessels

24
Q

why does pH fall

A

H+ is accumulated as a product of elevated metabolism due to producing and breaking lots of ATP
more acidotic
relaxes blood vessel walls

25
Q

why does adenosine increase

A

lots of ATP breakdown releases adenosine

26
Q

effect of nitric oxide

A

smooth muscle in blood vessels relax

27
Q

why does blood prefer to go to places which are more metabolically active

A

blood vessels a these places have been triggered to relax

28
Q

effect of adrenaline on alpha receptors

A

vasoconstriction

29
Q
A

exercise increases adrenaline however more blood flows to muscles needed
as adrenaline goes up it restricts blood flow
competition between metabolically active tissue and adrenaline

30
Q

what happens when muscle is activated by a somatomotor nerve

A

releases vasodilator stimuli

31
Q

what does active sympathetic nerve cause

A

vasoconstrictor stimuli

32
Q

why is good blood flow important

A

ensure active muscle is getting oxygen and nutrients

33
Q

sympatholytic effect

A

vasodilator stimuli overpowers sympathetic input
blood will get to where required
where muscle isn’t active, blood flow shut down to these areas (diversion of blood to where its required)

34
Q

group III and group IV nerves embedded in skeletal muscles

A

directly responsive to temp, muscle tension, acidosis
send signal back to medulla (to say how well muscles are coping?)
perception of effort

35
Q

effect of signals from group III and group IV nerves

A

increase sympathetic output to encourage greater diversion
shutting off splanchnic blood vessels
diverting blood away from guts/ kidneys/ liver
enhanced capacity to supply muscle blood

36
Q

syncope

A

fainting/ passing out

37
Q

affect of higher blood pressure during exercise

A

bigger pressure gradient between arteriole side and venule side
greater rate of flow maintained through skeletal muscle

38
Q

effect of exercise on diastolic and systolic blood pressure

A

systolic: increases
diastolic: remains same

39
Q

why does diastolic pressure stay same

A

if it was too fall, it would mean arteries were relaxing during exercise
if it was to rise, not beneficial as heart would be doing a lot more work

40
Q

VO2 max=

A

cardiac output max x a-v O2 difference

41
Q

why is VO2 max one one legged exercise 75%-80% of two legged- exercise

A

higher blood flow can be achieved to activate muscles in one-legged exercise
if both legs were dilated to the same extent as in one-legged exercise, blood pressure would fall

42
Q

what is responsible for making sure pressure goes up and demnads are met

A

ensuring enough blood goes into heart to maintain good stroke volume
must also ensure not to elevate the resistance to which the heart is working, if diastolic pressure increases it would oppose blood flow out of heart
increase contractility of heart to ensure as much blood as possible leaves per beat

43
Q

how to ensure heart is filling with blood to allow efficient stroke volume during exercise

A

increase blood volume
increase return

44
Q

how to increase blood volume

A

contract spleen
constrict splanchnic supply
constrict capacitance veins

45
Q

how to increase return

A

constrict veins
constrict supply to other tissues

46
Q

muscle pump

A

deep veins sit within skeletal muscle
when skeletal muscles activated they contract, pressure around skeletal muscle increases,
skeletal muscles push on veins reducing their volume and elevating the pressure within the veins, helps pump blood back towrds heart

47
Q

what is muscle pump facilitated by

A

valves within the large veins
prevents backflow
blood can only go towards heart

48
Q

what does negative pressure in thorax increase

A

venous return

49
Q

what creates negative pressure in thorax

A

breathing

50
Q

exercise presser reflex

A

baroreceptor input inhibited
allowing bp to increase

introductory concepts sport and exercise science (11 decks)

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