WEEK 4: PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

How drugs move through the body

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

What drugs do

Question 3

Put the 4 main methods of drug administration in order of time to effect.

Answer 3

1. Inhalation
2. Injection
3. Snorting/snuffing
4. Ingestion

Question 4

Therapeutic index

Answer 4

Range of doses within which a drug is effective without having unacceptable adverse effects

Question 5

Give two examples of drugs with a small therapeutic index

Answer 5

–Lithium
–Heroin

Question 6

Give an example of a drug with a large therapeutic index

Answer 6

Weed

Question 7

What are the 4 types of drug, based on how they influence post-synaptic potential?

Answer 7

1. Neurotransmitter
2. Agonist
3. Antagonist
4. Modulator

Question 8

What is GABA?

Answer 8

An endogenous inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 9

What does GABA do? (3)

Answer 9

–Binds to a receptor
–Stimulates an inhibitory post-synaptic potential
–Makes next neurons less likely to fire

Question 10

What does musimol do? (2)

Answer 10

–Agonist
–Replicates GABA

Question 11

Bicuculine (3)

Answer 11

–Fits GABA receptor but DOESN’T produce an effect
–Blocks it
–Downstream neurons more likely to fire

Question 12

Give two examples of drugs that affect presynaptic neurons and how drugs are recycled

Answer 12

–Cocaine
–MOAIs

Question 13

What does cocaine do? (3)

Answer 13

1. Stops dopamine from returning to synapse
2. Dopamine stays in cleft
3. More likely to keep binding to receptors

Question 14

What do MAOIs do?

Answer 14

Stop neurotransmitters from being broken down by enzymes

Question 15

What do organophosphates do?

Answer 15

Stop actylcholine from breaking down in the synaptic cleft

Question 16

Tolerance

Answer 16

More of drug required for same response

Question 17

Sensitisation

Answer 17

Less drug required for same response

Question 18

Withdrawal (2)

Answer 18

–State of stopping using a drug
–Typically opposite

Question 19

What methods can water-soluble drugs use to leave the body?

Answer 19

–Lungs
–Sweat

Question 20

How do drugs that are processed by the liver leave the body?

Answer 20

Urine

Question 21

How can you test for water-soluble drugs?

Answer 21

Breathalyser

Question 22

Set (3)

Answer 22

1. Personality
2. Expectation
3. Intention

Question 23

Dependence

Answer 23

Signs on physical dependence, e.g. tolerance or withdrawal

Question 24

Addiction

Answer 24

Change in behaviour prioritising substance use despite adverse consequences

Question 25

How many "symptoms" of addiction are there in the DSM?

Answer 25

11

Question 26

How many symptoms do you need for a "mild" addiction diagnosis?

Answer 26

2-3

Question 27

How many symptoms do you need for a "moderate" addiction diagnosis?

Answer 27

4-5

Question 28

How many symptoms do you need for a "severe" addiction diagnosis?

Answer 28

6+

Question 29

What was one of the seminal papers arguing that addiction is a brain disease?

Answer 29

"Addiction is a Brain Disease, and it Matters" –Alan I. Lechner

Question 30

What was the main reason Lechner gave for treating addiction as a brain disease rather than a criminal issue?

Answer 30

Treating and funding it like a medical issue

Question 31

What are the 4 steps in the relapsing cycle of addiction according to the iRISA model?

Answer 31

1. Intoxication 2. Bingeing 3. Withdrawal 4. Craving

Question 32

iRISA Syndrome

Answer 32

Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution Syndrome

Question 33

Who developed the iRISA model?

Answer 33

–NIDU director –Nora Volkow

Question 34

Which 6 brain networks show impairment in addicted people compared to controls, according to the iRISA model? (RHSESM)

Answer 34

1. Reward 2. Habit 3. Salience 4. Executive 5. Self-directed 6. Memory

Question 35

What key addictive behaviour is the executive network associated with?

Answer 35

Impulsivity

Question 36

What key addictive behaviour is the salience network associated with?

Answer 36

Fixation

Question 37

What key addictive behaviour is the reward network associated with?

Answer 37

Appraisal of subjective value

Question 38

What key addictive behaviour is the habit network associated with?

Answer 38

Automatization

Question 39

What key addictive behaviour is the self-directed network associated with?

Answer 39

Self-focused cognitive processes

Question 40

What key addictive behaviour is the memory network associated with?

Answer 40

Flexible learning

Question 41

What kind of study design do most studies on addiction use?

Answer 41

Correlational

Question 42

What study design does research on whether addiction is a brain disease use to gather causal evidence?

Answer 42

Animal

Question 43

What are 3 issues with animal research on addiction?

Answer 43

1. Provide limited evidence for pharmacotherapies 2. Alternative reinforcers 3. Some symptoms uniquely human

Question 44

Why do Gooding et al, 2022 argue addiction is not a chronic, relapsing condition?

Answer 44

People quit and maintain abstinence