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Physiological Psychology (PSYCH5079) > WEEK 4: PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY > Flashcards

WEEK 4: PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How drugs move through the body

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What drugs do

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3
Q

Put the 4 main methods of drug administration in order of time to effect.

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Injection
  3. Snorting/snuffing
  4. Ingestion
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4
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Range of doses within which a drug is effective without having unacceptable adverse effects

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5
Q

Give two examples of drugs with a small therapeutic index

A

–Lithium
–Heroin

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6
Q

Give an example of a drug with a large therapeutic index

A

Weed

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of drug, based on how they influence post-synaptic potential?

A
  1. Neurotransmitter
  2. Agonist
  3. Antagonist
  4. Modulator
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8
Q

What is GABA?

A

An endogenous inhibitory neurotransmitter

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9
Q

What does GABA do? (3)

A

–Binds to a receptor
–Stimulates an inhibitory post-synaptic potential
–Makes next neurons less likely to fire

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10
Q

What does musimol do? (2)

A

–Agonist
–Replicates GABA

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11
Q

Bicuculine (3)

A

–Fits GABA receptor but DOESN’T produce an effect
–Blocks it
–Downstream neurons more likely to fire

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12
Q

Give two examples of drugs that affect presynaptic neurons and how drugs are recycled

A

–Cocaine
–MOAIs

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13
Q

What does cocaine do? (3)

A
  1. Stops dopamine from returning to synapse
  2. Dopamine stays in cleft
  3. More likely to keep binding to receptors
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14
Q

What do MAOIs do?

A

Stop neurotransmitters from being broken down by enzymes

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15
Q

What do organophosphates do?

A

Stop actylcholine from breaking down in the synaptic cleft

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16
Q

Tolerance

A

More of drug required for same response

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17
Q

Sensitisation

A

Less drug required for same response

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18
Q

Withdrawal (2)

A

–State of stopping using a drug
–Typically opposite

19
Q

What methods can water-soluble drugs use to leave the body?

A

–Lungs
–Sweat

20
Q

How do drugs that are processed by the liver leave the body?

A

Urine

21
Q

How can you test for water-soluble drugs?

A

Breathalyser

22
Q

Set (3)

A
  1. Personality
  2. Expectation
  3. Intention
23
Q

Dependence

A

Signs on physical dependence, e.g. tolerance or withdrawal

24
Q

Addiction

A

Change in behaviour prioritising substance use despite adverse consequences

25
Q

How many “symptoms” of addiction are there in the DSM?

A

11

26
Q

How many symptoms do you need for a “mild” addiction diagnosis?

A

2-3

27
Q

How many symptoms do you need for a “moderate” addiction diagnosis?

A

4-5

28
Q

How many symptoms do you need for a “severe” addiction diagnosis?

A

6+

29
Q

What was one of the seminal papers arguing that addiction is a brain disease?

A

“Addiction is a Brain Disease, and it Matters”
–Alan I. Lechner

30
Q

What was the main reason Lechner gave for treating addiction as a brain disease rather than a criminal issue?

A

Treating and funding it like a medical issue

31
Q

What are the 4 steps in the relapsing cycle of addiction according to the iRISA model?

A
  1. Intoxication
  2. Bingeing
  3. Withdrawal
  4. Craving
32
Q

iRISA Syndrome

A

Impaired
Response
Inhibition
and
Salience
Attribution
Syndrome

33
Q

Who developed the iRISA model?

A

–NIDU director
–Nora Volkow

34
Q

Which 6 brain networks show impairment in addicted people compared to controls, according to the iRISA model? (RHSESM)

A
  1. Reward
  2. Habit
  3. Salience
  4. Executive
  5. Self-directed
  6. Memory
35
Q

What key addictive behaviour is the executive network associated with?

A

Impulsivity

36
Q

What key addictive behaviour is the salience network associated with?

A

Fixation

37
Q

What key addictive behaviour is the reward network associated with?

A

Appraisal of subjective value

38
Q

What key addictive behaviour is the habit network associated with?

A

Automatization

39
Q

What key addictive behaviour is the self-directed network associated with?

A

Self-focused cognitive processes

40
Q

What key addictive behaviour is the memory network associated with?

A

Flexible learning

41
Q

What kind of study design do most studies on addiction use?

A

Correlational

42
Q

What study design does research on whether addiction is a brain disease use to gather causal evidence?

A

Animal

43
Q

What are 3 issues with animal research on addiction?

A
  1. Provide limited evidence for pharmacotherapies
  2. Alternative reinforcers
  3. Some symptoms uniquely human
44
Q

Why do Gooding et al, 2022 argue addiction is not a chronic, relapsing condition?

A

People quit and maintain abstinence

Physiological Psychology (PSYCH5079) (4 decks)

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