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Physiological Psychology (PSYCH5079) > WEEK 3: CELLULAR COMMUNICATION > Flashcards

WEEK 3: CELLULAR COMMUNICATION Flashcards

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1
Q

How many synapses are there at the end of each neuron?

A

Between 1 and many thousand!

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2
Q

Draw a synapse.

A
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3
Q

Receptor site (2)

A

–What neurotransmitters bind to
–Each one only binds with a specific neurotransmitter

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4
Q

What kinds of receptor sites are there in each post-synaptic terminal? (3)

A

–It depends!
–Each one only contains certain kinds of receptor sites
–Will only accept signals from neurotransmitters it has receptor sites for

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5
Q

Name two functions that mitochondrion power in the synapse?

A

–Transporting components from cell body to synapse
–Powering the breakdown of neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Synaptic vesicle (3)

A

–Create neurotransmitters
–Carry them from the neuron to the presynaptic terminal
–Release them into the synaptic cleft

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7
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small gap between pre- and post-synaptic terminals

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8
Q

How big is a synaptic cleft?

A

~20 nanometres

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9
Q

What are the two methods of communication between synapses?

A

Electrical
Chemical

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10
Q

What are neurotransmitters released by?

A

Vesicles

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11
Q

In chemical communication, what do neurotransmitters travel across to get to the postsynaptic terminal?

A

Synaptic cleft

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12
Q

What do neurotransmitters bind to in the postsynaptic terminal?

A

Postsynaptic receptors

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13
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic receptors?

A

Influx of ions in postsynaptic membrane

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14
Q

What does an influx of ions into post-synaptic membrane cause? (2)

A

–Depolarization
–If it reaches the threshold, action potential

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15
Q

In electrical communication, how is a message passed from one neuron to another? (3)

A

–Gap junction channel
–Ions flow directly through
–No neurotransmitter release

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16
Q

Which is quicker, electrical or chemical communication?

A

Electrical

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17
Q

Draw electrical communication

A
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18
Q

Draw chemical communication

A
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19
Q

What two kinds of receptors does chemical communication happen in?

A

–Ionotropic
–Metabotropic

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20
Q

How does chemical communication happen through inotropic receptors? (4)

A

–Neurotransmitter travels across synaptic cleft
–Binds to ionotropic receptor
–Ion channel opens
–Ions pass through into postsynaptic membrane

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21
Q

How does chemical communication happen through metabotropic receptors? (3)

A

–Neurotransmitter travels across synaptic cleft
–Binds to metabotropic receptor
–Affects interaction between receptor and G-protein

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22
Q

Give two examples of effects of the interaction between a receptor and G-protein?

A

–Neuron fires
–Protein synthesis

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23
Q

Draw the process of a neuron being caused to fire via a metabotropic receptor

A
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24
Q

Draw the process of protein synthesis being caused via a metabotropic receptor

A
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25
Q

What are the 3 ways neurotransmitters can be removed?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Degradation
  3. Reuptake
26
Q

Neurotransmitter diffusion (2)

A
  1. Into extracellular fluid
  2. Absorbed by glial cells (cell bodies)
27
Q

Degradation (2)

A
  1. Enzymes break down neurotransmitters into smaller components
  2. Components are transported back to presynaptic terminal
28
Q

Reuptake (3a/b)

A
  1. Neurotransmitters are removed from the cleft whole by transport channels
  2. Put back in presynaptic terminal

Either

3a. Repackaged directly into vesicles
or
3b. Broken down by enzymes into components

29
Q

What 3 things does serotonin seem to play a role in regulating?

A

–Mood
–Sleep
–Appetite

30
Q

Serotonin dysfunction is associated with which 4 effects?

A

–Depression
–Anxiety
–Memory loss
–Executive dysfunction

31
Q

What area of the brain, inside the brain stem, is one of the main places serotonin originates from?

A

Raphe nuclei

32
Q

What are the 2 main groups of serotonin?

A

–Rostral
–Caudal

33
Q

What are the 2 dopamine pathways?

A

–Nigro-striatal
–Mesocorticolimbic

34
Q

Where does the mesocorticolimbic pathway go? (2)

A

–Frontal lobes
–Subcortical regions

35
Q

Where does the mesocorticolimbic pathway originate?

A

Ventral segmental area

36
Q

What are the two components of the mesocorticolimbic pathway?

A
  1. Mesocortical
  2. Mesolimbic
37
Q

What does the mesocortical dopamine pathway regulate? (2)

A

Depends !

38
Q

What does the mesolimbic dopamine pathway regulate?

A

–Emotional states
–Motivation

39
Q

Where does the nigro-striatal pathway originate?

A

Substantia nigra

40
Q

Where does the nigro-striatal pathway go to?

A

Striatum

41
Q

What does the nigro-striatal pathway regulate? (2)

A

–Involuntary movement
–Motor skills

42
Q

What issue is the mesolimbic pathway associated with?

A

Addiction

43
Q

Where does norepinephrine originate?

A

Locus coeruleus

44
Q

What’s another word for norepinephrine?

A

Adrenaline

45
Q

Norepinephrine dysfunction is associated with which 4 issues?

A

–Depression
–Anxiety
–Fight-or-fight
–ADHD

46
Q

What 2 processes does norepinephrine regulate?

A

–Wakefulness
–Sympathetic nervous system

47
Q

What 2 places does acetylcholine originate?

A

–Medial septal nuclei
–Basal nucleus of Meynert

48
Q

What 4 things does acetylcholine regulate?

A

–Memory
–Attention
–Sensory information
–Muscle contractions

49
Q

What drug makes muscles contract by affecting acetylcholine?

A

Botox

50
Q

A lot of acetylcholine pathways pass through which brain region, which is associated with memory?

A

Hippocampus

51
Q

How many subtypes of dopamine receptor are there?

A

At least 7!

52
Q

How many subtypes of serotonin receptor are there?

A

At least 5!

53
Q

Which type of acetylcholine receptor does nicotine bind to?

A

Nicotinic

54
Q

How do nerve agents work? (4)

A

–Target enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
–Acetylcholine constantly triggers neurons
–Involuntary muscle contractions
–Overstimulation –> desensitisation

55
Q

What are two, oft-ignored, early symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Tremors in fingers or hands

56
Q

What pathway becomes degenerated in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Nigrostriatal

57
Q

Where in the brain is there a loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease? (2)

A

–Substantia nigra
–Basal ganglia

58
Q

What 3 neurotransmitters are affected by Parkinson’s?

A

–Dopamine

Also:
–Serotonin
–Acetylcholine

59
Q

What’s an intriguing side-effect of Parkinson’s medications like Levodopa?

A

Psychosis

60
Q

What’s an intriguing side-effects of antipsychotics?

A

Parkinson’s-like symptoms

Physiological Psychology (PSYCH5079) (4 decks)

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