Week 4 Methodology

Question 1

List five advantages of replication based designs.

Answer 1

1. It is not necessary to randomly assign participants to a treatment and a
   control group with replication-based designs.
2. You do not require a large number of participants.
3. You do not need an untreated control group with replication-based
   designs.
4. Replication-based research designs allow the person conducting the study to
   determine whether the treatment worked for each individual.
5. Replication-based designs allow the researcher to control sources of
   variability and make changes to the treatment if it does not work as expected

Question 2

List three advantages of an AB design

Answer 2

1.Timeline during baseline can document that the behavior is remaining stable and is not improving.

2.The treatment can be shown to be associated with a level change, and transition phase or both.

3. The effect of the treatment is monitored over time on a day-to-day or week-to-week basis

Question 3

What is the baseline stability effect size rule?

Answer 3

The greater the stability of data the smaller the effect size you can detect.

Question 4

Define an ABAB or reversal design? Do you always need to start with a
baseline?

Answer 4

In this design you alternate between two conditions, typically a baseline and a treatment conditions.

Typically behavior is permitted to stabilize before each condition change. You don’t have to start with a so-called baseline.

You could start with the treatment, or maybe both are possibly treatments.

One important thing to remember is that you are looking at two or possibly more conditions.

Question 5

What would you recommend to someone who thinks the treatment will lead
to irreversibility who is choosing a reversal design? In other words how can
they increase the chance of the design working?

Answer 5

Introduce the treatment for a brief period and then return to baseline.

The procedure minimizes the chance that new contingencies develop to trap or maintain the behavior.

Question 6

What are three options if you have conducted ABAB phases and there appears to be an effect but there is a lot of overlap between the data?

Answer 6

1. Track down and control the sources of variability.
2. Introduce additional replications
3. Intensify the treatment.

Question 7

What is the most likely cause of partial reversibility?

Answer 7

A new reinforcer has taken effect or you may not be able to easily remove all aspects of the treatment because some elements may be under the clients
control.

Question 8

What is a multiple baseline design?

Answer 8

You collect data on several individuals or groups of individuals and introduce the treatment first for one individual or group while leaving the remaining individuals or groups in baseline. Once a change in behavior occurs introduce the treatment sequentially for the remaining individuals or groups.

Question 9

W hat are the three types of multiple baseline designs?

Answer 9

1. Across INDIVIDUALS or groups of individuals. Most common and most reliable.
   Behaviors need not be independent and no need to worry about
   generalization.
2. Across BEHAVIORS. The behaviors must be independent. That means they are
   not members of the same response class (at the moment). Try to
   select very different baseline that appear unrelated.
3. Across SITUATIONS. Hope the stimulus control does not generalize to the other
   situation

Question 10

What are the three types of multiple baseline designs?

Answer 10

1. Across individuals or groups of individuals. Most common and most reliable.
   Behaviors need not be independent and no need to worry about
   generalization.
2. Across behaviors. The behaviors must be independent. That means they are
   not members of the same response class (at the moment). Try to
   select very different baseline that appear unrelated.
3. Across situations. Hope the stimulus control does not generalize to the other
   situation.

Question 11

What is the difference between a concurrent and non-concurrent multiple
baseline design?

Answer 11

In a concurrent multiple baseline data are being collected for all baselines each day. In a non-concurrent multiple baseline data are not collected concurrently and may even be collected sequentially

Question 12

What are three advantages of a multiple baseline design?

Answer 12

1.Do not require a reversal. Sometimes there are clinical and ethical reasons
not to reverse.
2. They are not affected by irreversibility.
3. They can be used to compare treatments

Question 13

What is the most commonly used replication based research design (not
counting the AB designs)?

Answer 13

The multiple baseline design

Question 14

What is a major pitfall of the multiple baseline across behaviors design?

Answer 14

The behaviors need to be independent. If they are members of the same
response class or chained together it will not work.

Question 15

What is the major pitfall of the multiple baseline across situations or settings
design?

Answer 15

It will not work if there is generalization across the settings. Sometimes comment elements such as the presence of the same person in both setting can
produce generalization across settings

Question 16

Why would you add a return to baseline condition to a multiple baseline design?

Answer 16

To determine whether the effects of the treatment actually maintain.