Week 2 Basic Principles Flashcards
What are direct sustainable behaviors?
Direct behaviors are those related to how well people in the community follow
sustainable protocols or engage in sustainable behaviors such as recycling and
reducing energy use.
What are indirect sustainable behaviors?
Indirect behaviors that sustainability include decision makers behaviors that effect the members of the community engaging in sustainable behaviors. These
include legislation and rule-making.
Why is it important to make observations of sustainable behavior?
So we can know if the program is effective, and to provide feedback
What are four reasons people engage in unsustainable behavior?
- Unsustainable behavior is faster
- Unsustainable behavior is less effortful
- Unsustainable behavior is less expensive in the short term
- Unsustainable behavior is more comfortable
When are prompts most effective? (What things make a prompt effective?)
- They occur just before you want the behavior to occur
- They are placed where you will see them or they are very salient
- The prompt describes or depicts consequences
- Prompted behavior is reinforced
Define Positive Reinforcers and give an example
Something that increases the frequency of a behavior that produces it
Define Negative Reinforcer and give an example
Something that increases the frequency of something that removes it
What is a Motivating Operation (MO)?
Motivating operations are environmental variables that: alter the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer, and alter the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.
What is a positive punisher and provide an example?
A positive punisher decreases the frequency of a behavior that produces it
What is a negative punisher and provide an example?
A negative punisher decreases the frequency of a behavior that removes it
What is Extinction?
Discontinuing reinforcement for a behavior
What are four factors related to what non-scientists call habits?
The development of good stimulus control over a behavior.
Positive Models for the behavior.
Prompts from others.
Proficiency at the behavior, It occurs automatically.
What are the three elements of ABC analysis?
- Antecedents – Stimuli, person, place or a thing. Includes prompts
- Behavior – What you do
- Consequences – An event or change in the environment that follows a behavior
reinforcement and punishment
What is Stimulus Control?
Stimulus control occurs when a behavior is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and extinguished in its absence. It can also be established by fading anther stimulus that already controls the behavior.
What are the three dichotomies in the PIC NIC analysis?
- Consequence
a. positive to the performer
b. negative to the performer - Timing of the Consequence
a. immediate
b. future - Probability of the Consequence Occurring
a. certain
b. uncertain
- Be able to perform a PIC NIC analysis for recycling behaviors. Try to do this
for those involving compost recycling, and recycling of plastics, glass and
metals.
What is the relationship between immediate reinforcement and learning?
Immediate consequences are important when teaching new behaviors. Future (delayed) consequences work to maintain them. Very long-term future consequences tend to be discounted for a number of reasons. Large Negative consequences are just as effective the next day as the same day provided they are consistent. Magnitude is a variable.
What is the relationship between certain and uncertain behaviors?
This is a large variable. But events are rarely certain. Many reasons for
engaging in unsustainable behavior are the certain positive consequences
(faster less effortful) but the negative consequences, though very large, are
highly uncertain.
Describe the relationship between PIC NIC and behavior?
Consequences that are Positive, Immediate, and Certain and Negative,
Immediate, and Certain are the most powerful of all
What is the most important variable for punishment?
Whether it is certain
How can you minimize side effects of punishment?
Get everyone to agree with the goal.
Given as a point of concern and not a reprimand.
Best as warning without a sanction, particularly if the MO is in place.
What are four types of feedback?
Graphic feedback
Feedback Charts
Written feedback
Verbal feedback
