Week 4: measurement concepts; theorys and hypotheses

Question 1

What is a phenomena and what is it applied to, and what is a perspective? (1 or more phenomena..)

Answer 1

1 or more Phenomena is applied to make theory’s, a phenomena is a general result that’s been observed reliably

A perspective is a broad approach

Question 2

What is a model and why does Elliott like them? (observes real..)

Answer 2

Is a precise explanation that lends itself to testing .

Elliott likes models as its how he thinks about research, conducting an experiment is like constructing a model of the real word

Question 3

What kind of theory’s are the good ones, and what are the 5 things that make a good theory? (Laws.., All.., Sc and D.., Clear as mud.., #/amnt…)

Answer 3

The simplest theory’s are usually the good theory’s

1. law of parsimoney and Occcams razor
2. allows prediction and generation of new ideas
3. scope and diversity of phenomena explained
4. Clarity
5. # /Amount of evidence against theory’s

Question 4

Who’s T.S Kuhn? (wrote that book and stated what??? science progresses..)

Answer 4

he was a historian stated science progresses by having researchers push theory’s as hard and as far as they can until they start breaking down. Hopefully by then another idea can explain same thing better!

Question 5

What are the three types of theory and what do they theorize? (FMS)

Answer 5

1. functional theory -explains phenomena’s function
2. mechanistic theory- focus on variable structure and processes and how they may relate
3. stage theory’s- identifies,tests and establishes stages people pass through during developmental period

Question 6

What’s the hypothetico deductive method? (falsifiable and using a test..)

Answer 6

Formulating a hypothesis in falsifiable form, using a. test on observable data where outcome is still unknown

Question 7

What is observation bias and response bias? (watching.., worry)

Answer 7

Observation bias- people being watched and changing behaviour

Response bias- subject changes response out of worry of what researcher will think

Question 8

What’s selection bias and non response bias?

Answer 8

Selection bias- selecting subjects based off who’s looking at us, selective participants

Non response bias- responding to questions carelessly or not at a ll

Question 9

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 9

Clues experimenter leaves behind about real study

Question 10

What are the three types of designs and what do they do? (IRM)

Answer 10

1. independent groups- 1 group does condition A other group does condition B
2. Repeated measures: same participants take part in all conditions, measured twice
3. Matched pairs- 2 groups of participants paired into groups by participant variables relevant to study

Question 11

What is the gold standard study ? (3 things) (r.., doubles, two d..)

Answer 11

1. Double blind
2. Placebo controlled
3. randomized study

Question 12

What are the advantages (2)and disadvantages (2) to between subjects design and what type of design is it? variables,time, subjects can get..)

Answer 12

Independent design type
advantages: can look at multiple variables or lvls of variables at once, saves time as you only need ppl once

Disadvantage: needs large amount of people, subjects can get bored and may be more reluctant

Question 13

What kind of design is repeated measures and it’s advantages (2)and disadvantages(2) ? (less of what equals more what? ) (characteristics are more..)

Answer 13

Dependent group design

Advantages: fewer subjects, has more power as there’s less variance

Disadvantage: Practice and order effects, demand characteristics are more prominent