Week 2 and 3 lecture: 7 steps to research process, issues; Research ethics: 3 core principals,3 lvls animinity

Question 1

What’s opting in and an example as well as what is minimal risk research?

Answer 1

Participant chooses to participate in study and can leave at any time such as SONA

Minimal risk: research experiment that has no more risks than a participant experiences in a given day

Question 2

What’s a population and what makes defining one so hard?

Answer 2

Group of people/animals you want to make statements about

Hard because it’s hard to define population that has inherent limits

Question 3

What is the best sampling procedure and the most common sampling procedure?

Answer 3

best sampling: random sampling
most common: convenience sampling

Question 4

What kind of sampling is snowball sampling and how is it done and in what area is it commonly used? (think requiem for a dream)

Answer 4

type of None random sampling and is done by word of mouth to define their population. Used commonly in drug addiction (parents specifically) as one drug addiction parent usually knows another

Question 5

What are the 7 steps to a research project (RDFWDAI) (come up with…, do some.., make a …, write out three.., make a what?, what do you do with results?, how you … results)

Answer 5

1. Research area idea
2. Discuss and think about research
3. formulate hypotheses(testable question)
4. Write out null and alternative hypotheses
5. design a study
6. Analyze results
7. interpret results

Question 6

What are 3 things your research area should be? (RIF)

Answer 6

1. relevant
2. interesting
3. feasible

Question 7

How do you find out if your inventory(study being used) is valid and reliable? (3 things) (dates, usage, comparison)

Answer 7

1. look at its history,
   who made it?
2. has it been used lots?
3. has it been compared to other like inventory’s?

Question 8

What two things must be conducted before starting a research expirement and why?

Answer 8

1. manipulation check
2. pilot study

Use these techniques to mitigate potential issues that could occur throughout study, and gives us a better experiment as a result as no opportunities for checks were missed.

Question 9

What does it mean to analyze data?

Answer 9

Comparing scores and variances of different groups and conditions using statistics

Question 10

what does a set alpha level calculate and how’s it represented?

Answer 10

Calculates probability of observed results happening by chance

P>…

Question 11

If the significance of an experiment is p>0.49 what do we do? But if the alpha level is at p>0.50 or greater what do we do? (reject/fail to reject)

Answer 11

If p>0.49 (observed results happened less than 5/100) we reject null hypothesis, as more than 5 times out of 100 the observed results are happening by something systematic and not by Iv

IF p>0.50 or greater (more than 5 times of out of 100 observed results occurred) we fail to reject null as IV did change, and less than 5 times out of 100 regular occurred by something systematic. Not by cause of IV

Question 12

Why do we only reject or fail to reject null hypothesis?

Answer 12

As we are never completely certain whether or not IV has an effect or not, so leave room for error

Question 13

What is volunteer and participant bias and what kind of bias does it fall under ?

Answer 13

Failure to control for bias(falls under)

Volunteer bias- Volunteer is more motivated to join, different then general population

Participant bias- participant figures out study and gives you what they think you want

Question 14

what’s experimenter and publication bias and what kind of bias do they fall under?

Answer 14

Fall under failure to control for bias
Expirement let bias- expirementer influences participants to get results wanted

Publication Bias-selective publication of study based on positive or negative results

Question 15

What’s P-hacking and Harcking?

Answer 15

P hacking- changing significance of results manually to make something look significant when it’s not

Harcking- changing or making hypothesis after results are known

Question 16

What does WEIRD stand for, who are they talking about and suggest? (i’m weird why?)

Answer 16

Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
democratic
(society’s)

UNI STUDENTS ARE WEIRD

Suggests we need to be less cavalier (picky) in addressing questions of human nature

Question 17

What is random assignment and random selection and what make’s randoms election so hard?

Answer 17

RA- how we put people in groups
Random selection- how we select participants from a population

Random selection is hard because we can’t define a population easily

Question 18

What are the three things you must have to establish causation and explain what they are? (X and Y relationship) (T.S, N.S.R, E.A.C)

Answer 18

1. temporal sequencing - X comes before Y
2. Non spurious relationship- relation between X and Y with third unseen variable
3. Eliminate alternative causes-no other causes/variables that may have intervened with X and Y relationship

Question 19

3 core principals to research ethics and what do they mean? (RCJ) First one has two things that go with it (Aut.., in.. C) Second thing has two things that go with it too( P and C), Third thing mentions equal…

Answer 19

1. respect for person - recognizes intrinsic value and respect of person.
   Need autonomy-ability to make free choice and informed Consent
2. Concern for welfare- consider persons physical and mental health. Needs confidentiality and privacy (keep secret of persons identity)
3. Justice- obligation to treat people fairly equitably-without burden and with equal respect

Question 20

What are the 3 level of animinity and what do they mean? (A,A,C)

Answer 20

1. anonymous- can’t tell whos data is whos, no subjects seen
2. Anonymized- can’t tell data apart to pinpoint subject
3. Coded- data of subjects can be removed at any time

Question 21

Who evaluates research ethics? (2 things)

Answer 21

1. Reb- research ethics board
2. UACC- Univeristy of Arizona cancer centre