Week 4: Lactation and Nutritional Needs During Infancy

Question 1

Define Lactation

Answer 1

synthesis of milk components including protein, lactose and lipids, movement through milk duct to nipple

Question 2

Define colostrum

Answer 2

immature milk, secreted in late pregnancy and up to a week after birth; rich in protein and immune factors

Question 3

Define let- down

Answer 3

release of milk from glands through ducts

Question 4

Define oxytocin

Answer 4

let down of milk is triggered by this hormone

Question 5

What does sucking (breastfeeding) signal?

Answer 5

the hypothalamus-> signals release of prolactin (milk production) and oxytocin

Question 6

How does milk travel during lactation?

Answer 6

milk travels from milk producing glands through ducts to milk storage sinuses then to nipple

Question 7

What are the maternal nutrient needs during lactation?

Answer 7

• nutritional needs higher than during pregnancy
• need about an extra liter of fluid/day

Question 8

How do you estimate EER for lactation?

Answer 8

TEE of nonlactating women + energy in milk ; by energy supplied by maternal fat stores

Question 9

How many calories does human milk contain per cup (250 mL)?

Answer 9

160 kcals

Question 9

How many calories does human milk contain per cup (250 mL)?

Answer 9

160 kcals

Question 10

What is the energy needs for newborns (0-6 months)?

Answer 10

about 100 kcal/kg/day

Question 11

What is the protein needs for newborns?

Answer 11

9.1g/day (1.52/kg/day)

Question 12

What is the carbohydrate needs for newborns?

Answer 12

at least 60g/day
40% of energy intake (based on composition of human milk)

Question 13

What is the fat needs for newborns?

Answer 13

50% of energy (based on composition of human milk)

Question 14

What is the linoleic acid needs of infants?

Answer 14

4.4g/day (omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids)

Question 15

What is the a-linolenic acid needs for infants?

Answer 15

0.5 g/day ( omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid)

Question 16

What are fluid needs of infants?

Answer 16

0.7 L

Question 17

What is the recommended amount of vitamin D for infants by the Canadian Pediatric Society?

Answer 17

10 micrograms/day during first year
( north of 55th parallel)- increase to 20 micrograms/day October to April (lack of sun)

Question 18

Why are vitamin D supplements required for breast fed babies?

Answer 18

breast milk contain little vitamin D
(vitamin D is added to formula to meet needs)

Question 19

What is the kcal distribution infants obtain from human milk?

Answer 19

40% carbs
54% fat (a lot more compared to adults)
6% protein

Question 20

What are the ten reasons for breastfeeding?

Answer 20

1.Nutrients and protection
2. brain power
3. convenient and portable
4. size of breast doesn’t matter
5. benefits mothers too
6. continues special relationship
7. benefits past 6 months
8. easy on budget
9. works for working mothers
10. eco friendly

Question 21

What does Health Canada recommend for breastfeeding?

Answer 21

-that all babies be fed only breast milk during first 6 months of life
- infant formula and solid food should not be introduced until after 6 months

Question 22

What contributes to prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Canada?

Answer 22

1. having a partner (marital status)
2. private home (setting of baby’s birth)
3. no smoking (during pregnancy)
4. not working ( mom employment status)

Question 23

Why is bottle position important when feeding infants?

Answer 23

allows formula to be swallowed easily and prevents air from being swallowed

Question 24

Who regulates baby formula composition? Who enforces it?

Answer 24

1.Canadian Food and Drug Regulations
2. Canadian Food Inspection Agency

Question 25

What do baby formula regulations specify?

Answer 25

• minimum amt- carbs, fat, protein, vitamins/ minerals
• limits additives/ingredients

Question 26

What are safety regulations put in place for baby bottles in Canada?

Answer 26

(2008) Canada first country to ban infant bottles containing bisphenol A (BPA)
- precaution for vulnerable population

Question 27

Why would human milk grown in a lab be more appealing to some mothers who are not able to breastfeed?

Answer 27

has a similar composition to human milk, can be customized based on cells of mother

Question 28

What have you learned about human milk grown in a lab as compared to infant formula?

Answer 28

infant formula was optimal for raising cows, not human babies, not an ideal nutrient composition

Question 29

what are the benefits of breastfeeding/breastmilk?

Answer 29

cement the emotional connection between mother and child; providing optimal nutrition, antibodies and bacteria; reducing the risk of obesity and diabetes in adulthood

Question 30

What s the difference between antibodies found in breastmilk compared to those found in blood?

Question 31

If a mother had COVID 19, should she continue to breastfeed her baby?

Question 32

Do the antibodies in breastmilk guarantee immunity for baby against COVID 19?

Question 33

What is the potential for Dr. Powel’s research on COVID-19 breastmilk antibodies?

Question 34

Why is it important for mothers to continue to breastfeed if they have COVID-19? (COVID 19 liquid gold rush article)