Week 4 - Joints and Muscles

Question 1

Joint

Answer 1

Articulations are commonly named according to the bones or portions of bones that join together.

Question 2

Ligaments

Answer 2

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to bones

Question 3

What are the three classifications of joints?

Answer 3

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Question 4

Fibrous joints

Answer 4

Joint that consists of two bones that are united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement.

Question 5

Suture joints

Answer 5

Joints that are seams between the bones of the skull.

Question 6

These joints contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement between articulating bones. Mostly unite the appendicular skeleton.

Answer 6

Synovial joints

Question 7

Examples of synovial joints

Answer 7

Bones of appendicular skeleton

Question 8

Part of synovial joint capsule that is inner portion and is thin

Answer 8

Synovial membrane

Question 9

Synovial- This part of the joint capsule consists of dense connective tissue that continues with fibrous layer of periosteum

Answer 9

Fibrous capsule

Question 10

Synovial- Articular surfaces of the bones meet at a joint are enclosed in a joint cavity, which is surrounded by this

Answer 10

Joint capsule

Question 11

Synovial encloses articular surfaces

Answer 11

Joint cavity

Question 12

Synovial- Complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat and cells. Hyaluronic acid (slippery)

Answer 12

Synovial fluid

Question 13

In certain synovial joints, such as the shoulder and knee, the synovial membrane extends as a pocket or sac away from rest of joint and is filled w/ fluid to stop friction

Answer 13

Bursae

Question 14

In some synovial joints, a flat plate or pad of fibrocartilage lies between the articular cartilage of bones

Answer 14

Articular disks

Question 15

Synovial sacs that surround tendons as they pass near or over bone

Answer 15

Tendon Sheaths

Question 16

Movement at synovial joints that occurs around two axes, situated at right angels to each other

Answer 16

Biaxial

Question 17

Movements at synovial joints that occurs around one axis

Answer 17

Uniaxial

Question 18

Movement at synovial joints that occurring around several axes

Answer 18

Multiaxial

Question 19

Synovial- Gliding joint consisting of two flat bone surfaces about equal size between which a slight gliding motion can occur

Answer 19

Plane joint

Question 20

Synovial- Uniaxial joint that restricts movement to rotation around a single axis. Consists of relatively cylindrical bony process that rotates within ring composed partly of bone and partly ligament

Answer 20

Pivot joint

Question 21

Synovial- Consists of two saddle shaped articulating surfaces. Biaxial joints located on carpometacarpal joint

Answer 21

Saddle joint

Question 22

Synovial- Uniaxial joint in which convex cylinder in one bone is applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone (Knee and elbow)

Answer 22

Hinge joint

Question 23

Synovial- Multiaxial joint that consists of ball end of one bone and socket end of another (Shoulder and hip joints)

Answer 23

Ball and socket joint

Question 24

Synovial- Modified ball and socket joint. Movement are biaxial, due to shape limiting range of motion

Answer 24

Ellipsoid joint

Question 25

4 characteristics that make muscle tissue unique

Answer 25

Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity

Question 26

Functions of muscles

Answer 26

movement, heat production, posture

Question 27

A sheet of broad band of fibrous connective tissue found beneath the skin or around muscles or other organs of the body - white in appearance

Answer 27

Fascia

Question 28

Tendons

Answer 28

Attach muscle to bone

Question 29

Muscle fibers

Answer 29

Skeletal muscle tissue consists of many elongated, cylindrical cells known as, have many nuclei and mitochondria

Question 30

Isotonic

Answer 30

Contractions when muscle shortens and pulls on bones resulting in movement

Question 31

Isometric

Answer 31

Contractions where tension of the muscle increases but no movement occurs; tends to raise blood pressure

Question 32

Tetanus (tetanic contractions)

Answer 32

Occur when the muscle is stimulated before it has a chance to totally relax

Question 33

Incomplete tetanus

Answer 33

Partial relaxation between stimuli

Question 34

Complete tetanus

Answer 34

No relaxation between stimuli; sustained contraction which will eventually result in muscle fatigue as muscle cells run out of energy

Question 35

Tonic contractions (tone)

Answer 35

Due to partial contraction of a muscle (not muscle cells); occurs when some motor units are contracting and some relaxing in the muscle

Question 36

Hypertrophy

Answer 36

An increase in the size of the muscle due to high utilization of a particular muscle; due to the size of the muscle cells not the number of muscle fibers

Question 37

Sarcomeres

Answer 37

stacked units of myofilaments, the functional units of muscle responsible for contraction

Question 38

Z lines (discs)

Answer 38

these are what separate sarcomeres and indicated the boundries between each sarcomere

Question 39

Elastic filaments

Answer 39

Help return the sarcomere to its original position after either relaxation or contraction

Question 40

Cross bridges of thick myofilaments

Answer 40

Excess ATP (the reserve your muscles need to maintain activity) is stored where

Question 41

The “heads” of the myosin are called __________

Answer 41

Cross bridges