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E 1.2: Histology, Anatomy, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases Lab > Week 4: Histology > Flashcards

Week 4: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

ID the organ

A

Liver

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2
Q

Name an exocrine product of this organ

A

Bile, bile salts, bilirubin, and cholesterol

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3
Q

Name two endocrine products of this organ

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and thrombopoetin (TPO),
albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, transferrin, angiotensinogen, LDL, and VLDL

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4
Q

Name a target of the endocrine products: Thrombopoetin (TPO) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)

A

TPO - megakaryocytes, platelets, and hematopoetic stem cells
IGF-1 - muscle, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes to name a few

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5
Q

ID this structure

A

Hepatic Portal Triad

1 - Hepatic Portal Vein/Venule
2 - Hepatic Portal Artery/Arteriole
3 - Bile Duct

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6
Q

Name the thin dark lines seen in the cells immediately surrounding marker #3

A

Terminal Bars

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7
Q

Name the structure whose lumen in indicated by marker #4.

A

Central Vein or Terminal Hepatic Venule (THV)

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8
Q

Name the zone of the parenchymal cells surrounding the structure indicated by marker #4

A

Zone 3 (Pericentral)

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9
Q

Name the zone of the parenchymal cells surrounding the structure indicated by markers #1-3

A

Zone 1 (Periportal)

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10
Q

Name the zone of the parenchymal cells surrounding the structure indicated by marker #5

A

Zone 2 (Mid-lobular)

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11
Q

Name a function of the liver that predominately occurs in the cells of the zone indicated by marker #4

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Lipolysis
  • B-catenin/Wnt signalling
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12
Q

Name a function of the liver that predominately occurs in the cells of the zone indicated by marker #1-3

A
  • Gluconeogensis
  • Beta-oxidation
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13
Q

Name the 3 types of the liver injury that predominately occur in the cells of the zone indicated by marker #4

A
  • MAFLD
  • Drug/Alcohol Toxicity
  • Parasite Infection Fibrosis
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14
Q

Name the 3 types of the liver injury that predominately occur in the cells of the zone indicated by markers #1-3

A
  • Autoimmune Hepatitis
  • Iron Overload Injury
  • Biliary Cirrhosis
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15
Q

Name the very small, dark structure indicated by markers #6 and #7

A

Bile Canaliculi

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16
Q

Name the structure whose lumen is indicated by marker #2

A

Central Vein or Terminal Hepatic Venule (THV)

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17
Q

Name the cells most likely indicated by markers #1, #3, and #4

A

Kupffer cells/Stellate macrophages

18
Q

Name the structures indicated by A, B, and C

A

Portal Triad (Vein, artery, and bile duct), respectively

19
Q

ID the cells indicated by arrow D with 2 features that allow you to identify it

A

Hepatocyte

1 - binucleated
2 - you can see the portal triad

20
Q

ID markers i, ii, and iii

A

i - common bile duct
ii - hepatic portal vein
iii - proper hepatic artery

21
Q

Where would you predict Phase I oxidations would occur? List the marker identifying that region along with the zone name.

A

Marker #6; Zone 3 (pericentral)

Bile flows opposite of blood in the liver, so first steps occur near THV and later steps near the triad.

22
Q

Where would you predict Phase II conjugation with glucuronic acid would occur? List the marker identifying that region along with the zone name.

A

Marker #4; Zone 1 (perihepatic)

Bile flows opposite of blood in the liver, so first steps occur near THV and later steps near the triad.

23
Q

In response to hepatic injury, the stellate cells can transform into what cell types?

A

Myofibroblasts

23
Q

The liver’s modification reactions can sometimes produce toxic molecules that damage the liver. What cells are known to be activated in response to damage?

A

Stellate cells

24
Q

ID the organ and two features that allow you to identity it

A

Gall bladder

1 - capsule
2 - lack of submucosal layer
3 - the squiggly microscopic appearance

25
Q

Drugs and other compounds that are amphipathic and larger than approximately 300 MW are often secreted into the bile by hepatocytes, with or without modification. This is considered a route to eliminate such compounds from the body. What activity involving the liver and bile secretion could reduce the effectiveness of this mode of elimination?

A

Enterohepatic recirculation

This would return the excreted drug back to the liver from the small intestine via the portal vein

26
Q

ID the organ

A

Liver

27
Q

Are there any abnormalities in this organ?

A

Yes

Many cells are enlarged with pale droplets - lipids/fatty acids in hepatocytes

28
Q

Name the cells most likely indicated by marker #2

A

Hepatocyte

29
Q

Name the cells most likely indicated by marker #1

A

Adipocyte

30
Q

What substance does the cell labeled #2 contain that it usually doesn’t?

A

Lipid/Fatty acids

31
Q

Studies have shown that cellular changes can take place even after moderate alcohol consumption, and that these changes are reversible. Propose a simple mechanism for these cellular changes with the diagram below.

A

Increased/Excess NADH from ethanol going to Acetyl-CoA will alter metabolism by being consumed in the process of going from Acetyl-CoA to Fatty acids

32
Q

ID the organ

A

Gall bladder

33
Q

Name the tissue indicated by Marker #1

A

Simple columnar epithelium

34
Q

What layer(s) are absent in this organ?

A

Submucosa (likely muscularis mucosae as well)

35
Q

Name a hormone that acts upon this organ

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

The roots of CCK tell you what it does:
chole-: bile/gall
cyst/o: bladder
-kinin: movement
i.e. gall bladder movement

36
Q

ID the organ

A

Liver

37
Q

Describe some abnormalities seen in this biopsy

A

This is hemochromatosis; too much iron is absorbed and thus stored in organs such as the liver.

Markers #1 and #2 are pointing to iron deposits

38
Q

Name the parenchymal cells most likely affected by the condition shown

A

Zone 1 (Periportal)

Hemochromatosis is excess iron deposited in organs like the liver. This results in iron overload injury that affects this portal cell

39
Q

ID the structure

A

Hepatic Portal Triad

A - Bile duct
B - Hepatic Portal Vein/venule
C - Proper Hepatic Artery/arteriole

E 1.2: Histology, Anatomy, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases Lab (16 decks)

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