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E 1.2: Histology, Anatomy, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases Lab > Week 3: Endocrine - Pancreas and Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Week 3: Endocrine - Pancreas and Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

ID

A

normal pancreas

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2
Q

ID

A
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3
Q

Name 1 product that is secreted from the Islets of Langerhan?

A

Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, Pancreatic Polypeptide, and Ghrelin

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4
Q

What do alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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5
Q

what do beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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6
Q

what do delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

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7
Q

what do PP cells secrete

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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8
Q

what is an islet cell tumor called

A

pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs)

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9
Q

ID

A

Insulinoma (PanNETs)

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10
Q

ID

A

Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ZES)

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11
Q

What do ductal cells secrete?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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12
Q

What is the embryology of the pancreas?

A

Endoderm (Dorsal and Ventral Pancratic buds)

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13
Q

What do the acinar cells have a receptor for?

A

cholecystokinin and acetylcholine

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14
Q

what are the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas stimulated by?

A

secretin

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15
Q

where can gastrinomas occur?

A

Duodenum
Peripancreatic soft tissue
Pancreas

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16
Q

ID

A
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17
Q

What is the embryology of the thyroid gland?

A

Endoderm

Foramen caecum on pharynx floor between 1st and 2nd arch

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18
Q

ID

A

Thyroid Gland

Principle cells are also called Follicular Cells

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19
Q

ID

A

Septa

divides lobules of thyroid gland

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20
Q

Hyperthyroidism signs

A

Increased BMR and weight loss, heat intolerance, sweating, palpitations, tachycardia, overactive sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

Hypothyroidism signs

A

fatigue, apathy, mental sluggishness, cold interolance, weight gain

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22
Q

most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide

A

iodine deficiency

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23
Q

most common cause of hypothyroidism where iodine levels are sufficient

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

24
Q

What causes Hashimoto Thyroiditis

A

Autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase (autoimmune condition - more likely to develop others)

25
Q

What are the expected lab values for Hashimoto Thyroiditis

A

Low T4, T3; elevated TSH

26
Q

ID

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Cut surface is pale, yellow-tan, firm, and somewhat nodular

27
Q

ID

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Cut surface is pale, yellow-tan, firm, and somewhat nodular

28
Q

ID

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

germinal center formation (black arrows)

29
Q

ID

A

Hurthle cell metaplasia

cuboidal epithelial cells of the follicle around the colloid (yellow arrow) appear larger and pinker (orange arrow).

30
Q

What is Grave’s Disease

A

Hyperthyroidism w/ diffuse enlargement
Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulin antibody (TSI)
Exophthalmos

31
Q

Typical lab values for Grave’s Disease

A

Elevated T4, T3; Low TSH

32
Q

What causes exophthalmos in Grave’s Disease?

A

cytokines that stimulates fibroblasts and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins that increase the volume of retro-orbital connective tissue and extraocular muscles.

33
Q

ID

A

Grave’s Disease

Diffusely enlarged gland (hypertrophy/hyperplasia)
looks like muscle

34
Q

ID

A

Grave’s Disease

Irregular follicles and papillary hyperplasia

35
Q

ID

A

Graves Disease

**scalloping of colloid (open black arrows) **from actively reabsorbing the colloid and papillary hyperplasia (black arrow)

36
Q

ID

A

Graves Disease

37
Q

ID

A

Multinodular Goiter

38
Q

ID

A

Multinodular Goiter

39
Q

ID

A

Multinodular Goiter

40
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Goiter

A

Airway obstruction, dysphagia, SVC Syndrome

41
Q

What are four neoplasms of the Thyroid gland?

A

Follicular Adenoma
Follicular Carcinoma
Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

42
Q

What are defining features of Follicular Adenoma

A

Intact Capsule (Can’t use Fine Needle Aspiration [FNA] to distinguish from a Carcinoma)
benign mass

43
Q

ID

A

Follicular Adenoma

looks like a fig

44
Q

ID

A

Follicular Adenoma

intact capsule (no colloids in it, but some purple cells are normal)

45
Q

ID

A

Follicular Adenoma

46
Q

What are defining features of Follicular Carcinoma

A

Distinction requires capsular invasion or vascular invasion
Prefers hematogenous spread (bone, liver, lungs)

47
Q

ID

A

Follicular Carcinoma

48
Q

ID

A

Follicular Carcinoma

Capsular Invasion

49
Q

ID

A

Follicular Carcinoma

capsular invasion (yellow arrow)

50
Q

What are defining features of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

A

Branching papillae with fibrovascular stalk
Psammoma bodies (concentrically calcified structures
Orphan Annie eye nuclei -nuclei are optically clear
Prefers lymphatic spread

51
Q

ID

A

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

optically clear nuclei

Branching papillae (papa) with fibrovascular stalk
Psammoma (moma) bodies
adopted orphan annie

52
Q

ID

A

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Psammoma bodies
53
Q

What are defining features of Medullary Carcinoma

A

3 C’s:
C-cells
Secrete Calcitonin
Congo-Red stain (apple-green birefringence amyloid deposits)

54
Q

ID

A

Medullary Carcinoma

trabeculae/spindle shaped cells (orange), and amyloid (yellow)

55
Q

ID

A

Medullary Carcinoma

56
Q

ID

A

amyloid on polarized light on Congo red stain

E 1.2: Histology, Anatomy, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases Lab (16 decks)

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