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Common Health Challenges Med Surg Nursing in Canada > Week 4: GU/GI > Flashcards

Week 4: GU/GI Flashcards

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1
Q

Projectile Vomiting

A

Forceful ejection of digested food and secretions

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2
Q

What to assess in projectile vomiting?

A

Frequency, content of emesis, fresh blood, coffee grounds

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3
Q

What does it mean if someone throws up coffee grounds?

A

Internal bleeding

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4
Q

When is vomiting a concern?

A

when present with:
- lethargy
- confusion
- decreased alertness
- severe abdominal pain
- vomiting with fever
- vomiting with diarrhea
- severe headache or stiff neck

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5
Q

What occurs if hepatocytes are not functioning?

A

Portal system is blocked and backed up, which can lead to esophageal vericose veins

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6
Q

Severe headache or stiff neck can be indicidaiton for what when related to vomiting?

A

Neurological, meningitis

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7
Q

What age group should we be concerned about with vomiting and nausea?

A

Older frail adults and younger children

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8
Q

With lethargy, confusion, decreased alertness can indicate what?

A

Hypovelemia

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9
Q

When vomiting and diarrhea are both present what can this indicate?

A

Hypovelemia

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10
Q

Vomiting a lot indicates?

A

Alkalosis

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11
Q

Down and out- a lot of diarrhea indicates what?

A

Acidosis

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12
Q

Average pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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13
Q

Average pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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14
Q

What blood gases are part of an ABG?

A

O2, CO2, HCO3

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15
Q

BRAT diet?

A

Bananas, rice, apple, toast

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16
Q

What important medication helps with nausea?

A

Gravol- dimenhydrinate

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17
Q

Difference between regurgitation and vomiting?

A

Regurgitation- partially digested food slowly brought up from
stomach

Projectile vomiting- forceful vomiting

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18
Q

What is Narrow Therapeutic Range?

A

Some drugs have a narrow therapeutic index, which means that there is only a small difference between the minimum effective concentrations and the minimum toxic concentrations in the blood.

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19
Q

Any drug that ends in PRIL is part of what drug category?

A

ACE inhibitor

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20
Q

What does furosemide (lasix) do?

A

Treats high blood pressure and oedema

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21
Q

What does atorvastatin do?

A

It works by slowing the production of cholesterol in the body to decrease the amount of cholesterol that may build up on the walls of the arteries and block blood flow to the heart, brain, and other parts of the body.

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22
Q

Any drug that ends in STATIN is used to treat what?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

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23
Q

Sodium normal lab values

A

(135-145) mmol/ L

24
Q

Potassium normal lab values

A

(3.5-5) mmol/L

25
Q

HCO3 normal lab values

A

(21-28) mmol/L

26
Q

Chloride normal lab values

A

98-106 mmol/L

27
Q

Blood, Uria, Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatnine relates to what organ?

A

Kidney’s

28
Q

Why is bilirubin important?

A

Leads to jaundice, yellowing of sclera and body tissue. Can indicate issues with liver like liver failure

29
Q

What is albumin?

A

main protein in blood. Where drugs are carried. Lose them as we age, as it is made in liver. Lower albumin, lower amount of drugs

30
Q

Hypokelemia/low potassium can cause what? What diagnostic test would be used?

A

Can cause dysrythmias, therefore an ECG would be a good diagnostic test for pt.ba

31
Q

What is the pH of urine?

A

4.5-8

32
Q

Urinalysis Normal Findings?

A

ph- 4.6-8
Protein- none or up to 8mg/100ml
Glucose-none
Ketones-none
Blood- up to 2RBCS
Specific gravity- 1.010-1.025
WBS- 0-4
Bacteria- none
Casts-none (always abnormal)

33
Q

Glomerular Filtration rate normal findings?

A

between 60-120

34
Q

What number on Glomerular FIlrtation Rate indicates kidney failure?

A

0-15. Then youd need dyalisis

35
Q

What is a culture and sensitivity test?

A

-culture the fluid and look for bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites and then see if there is an anti infective for a bacteria virus, fungi or parasite

36
Q

How to prevent uti in patient with indwelling foley catheter

A

-avoid raising bag above bladder
- avoid prolonged clamping of tubing
- keep urine draining by positioning tubing
- empty bag at least every 8h
- tape and secure catheter appropriately
- remove catheter ASAP
- routine perineal care after each BM

37
Q

What is c dif?

A

C. diff (also known as Clostridioides difficile or C. difficile) is a germ (bacterium) that causes diarrhea and colitis (an inflammation of the colon)

38
Q

Importance of furosemide?

A

Given to help treat fluid retention (edema) and swelling that is caused by congestive heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, or other medical conditions. It works by acting on the kidneys to increase the flow of urine.

39
Q

What is the importance of potassium chloride?

A

It helps your nerves to function and muscles to contract. It helps your heartbeat stay regular.

40
Q

80% of UTI’s are caused by what?

A

Escherichia Coli

41
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder

42
Q

Upper urinary tract infection: What is urosepsis?

A

Bacteremia (bacteria in bloodstream) resulting from a uti

43
Q

Which kidney is lower?

A

Right

44
Q

What’s a normal adult urine output?

A

1-2L/ 24hr

45
Q

How much mL / hr may indicate renal alterations?

A

30ml/hr

46
Q

What is the capacity of the bladder?

A

500 mL

47
Q

What are things that may occur with a LOWER UTI? With an older adult?

A
  • Dysuria
  • Frequency
  • Urgency
  • Suprapubic discomfort
  • Hematuria
  • Cloudy urine

Older adult may experience:
- delirium
- cognitive impairment
- falls
- non-localized abdominal discomfort

48
Q

What are things that may occur with an UPPER UTI? With an older adult?

A
  • Flank pain
  • Chills
  • Fever

Older adult may experience:
- fever less likely
- over 80 may have declined temperature
- non specific symptoms of fatigue/anorexia

49
Q

What is pyleonephritis?

A

Infection spreads to kidneys

50
Q

Urosepsis

A

Bacteremia (bacteria in bloodstream) resulting from UTI

51
Q

How many mL/ hour of urine should be indication to worry?

A

30 mL/hour

52
Q

Routine urinalysis normal findings
****

A

pH- normal (4.6-8)
- no protein
- no glucose
- no ketones
- up to 2 RBCS
- specific gravity (1.010-1.025)
- no bacteria
- no casts (always abnormal)

53
Q

What are things to prevent infection and acidify urine?

A

Cranberry juice, vitamin C

54
Q

What catheterization is used for obtaining sterile specimen, residual urine assesment and spinal cord injuries?

A

Intermittent catheter

55
Q

How many cm in between tip of penis should you keep the condom catheter?

A

Allow 2.5-5cm in between tip of penis and end of condom

56
Q

Different types of tests for urinenalaysis

A

…

57
Q

What are fluids you want to avoid with a UTI?

A

Caffeine, alcohol, chocolate, spicy food

Common Health Challenges Med Surg Nursing in Canada (12 decks)

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