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Unit 4: SXS lab > Week 4 DONE > Flashcards

Week 4 DONE Flashcards

1
Q

Define superior thoracic aperture

A
  • thoracic inlet -opening at the top of the thoracic cavity.
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2
Q

List boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture

A
  • formed laterally by the 1st pair of ribs and their costal cartilages, anteriorly by the manubrium of the sternum, and posteriorly by the body of T1 vertebra
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3
Q

Significance of the superior thoracic aperture in relation to the neck

A

deep structures of the neck are the prevertebral muscles, located posterior to the cervical viscera and anterolateral to the cervical vertebral column and the viscera extending through the superior thoracic aperture,

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4
Q

term used to define junction between thorax and neck

A

root of the neck

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5
Q

major structures found in deep neck

A

anterior and lateral vertebral or prevertebral muscles

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6
Q

anterior vertebral muscles - consist of - location

A
  • longus colli and capitis, rectus capitis anterior, and anterior scalene muscles - posterior to the retropharyngeal space
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7
Q

lateral vertebral muscles - consist of - location

A
  • rectus capitis lateralis, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, and middle and posterior scalene muscles
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8
Q

subclavian artery - what does it supply? - difference between R and L - 3 parts

A
  • supply the upper limbs and send branches to the neck and brain. -right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta, -Three parts relative to the anterior scalene: the first part is medial to the muscle, the second part is posterior to it, and the third part is lateral to it.
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9
Q

branches of the subclavian arteries

A

From 1st part: Vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and thyrocervical trunk. From 2nd part: Costocervical trunk. From 3rd part: Dorsal scapular artery.

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10
Q

Subclavian vein - origin - transition - relation to anterior scalene - tributary - what does it form?

A

-origin is axillary vein -structure that defines transition: lateral border of first rib -relation with anterior scalene? anterior to the scalene tubercle parallel to the subclavian artery, but it is separated from it by the anterior scalene muscle. - tributary of subclavian? IJV -What happens when it joins IJV? forms braciocephalic vein

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11
Q

Thoracic duct -what does it drain? -termination

A

-Left side of the body - Into the root of the neck as it enters the left venous angle

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12
Q

Structures of thyroid galnd

A

-right and left lobe -isthmus -pyramidal lobe

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13
Q

Parathyroid glands -how many? -location in relation to thyroid? -vascular supply

A

-4 - Lie external to the thyroid capsule on the medial half of the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland, inside its sheath -branches from the inferior thyroid arteries

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14
Q

Trachea - what is it? - any muscle? - innervation - location - becomes?

A
  • fibrocartilaginous tube, supported by incomplete cartilaginous tracheal cartilages -gaps in the tracheal rings are spanned by the involuntary trachealis muscle - innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve -extends from the inferior end of the larynx at the level of the C6 vertebra. It ends at the level of the sternal angle or the T4–T5 IV disc, where it divides into the right and left main bronchi
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15
Q

Pleura in the neck

A

-cervical pleura

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16
Q

bones and cartilage of the nose

A

-bony part of the nose consists of the nasal bones, frontal processes of the maxillae, the nasal part of the frontal bone and its nasal spine, and the bony parts of the nasal septum. -artilaginous part of the nose consists of five main cartilages: two lateral cartilages, two alar cartilages, and one septal cartilage. The U-shaped alar cartilages are free and movable. They dilate or constrict the nares when the muscles acting on the nose contract.

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17
Q

nasal septum

A

divides the chamber of the nose into two nasal cavities.

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18
Q

3 structures of the nasal septum

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, the vomer, and the septal cartilage

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19
Q

what comprises the wall of the nasal cavity

A

formed by the nasal septum

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20
Q

boundaries of nasal cavities

A

roof: frontonasal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal floor: palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bone lateral walls: nasal conchae

21
Q

Deviated septum

A

-usually occurs from trauma -in severe cases the septum will come into contact with the nasal wall and can obstruct breathing or exacerbate snoring

22
Q

Blood supply to nasal cavity

A
  • Anterior ethmoidal artery (from the ophthalmic artery).
  • Posterior ethmoidal artery (from the ophthalmic artery).
  • Sphenopalatine artery (from the maxillary artery).
  • Greater palatine artery (from the maxillary artery).
  • Septal branch of the superior labial artery (from the facial artery)
23
Q

Innervation of nasal cavity

A
  • nerve supply of the postero-inferior portion of the nasal mucosa is chiefly from the maxillary nerve -nerve supply of the anterosuperior portion is from the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) also the external nose -alae of the nose are supplied by the nasal branches of the infra-orbital nerve (CN V2) -lfactory nerves, concerned with smell, arise from cells in the olfactory epithelium in the superior part of the lateral and septal walls of the nasal cavity.
24
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

-right and left sinuses each drain through a frontonasal duct into the ethmoidal infundibulum, which opens into the semilunar hiatus of the middle nasal meatus -maxillary sinus drains by one or more openings, the maxillary ostium (pl. ostia), into the middle nasal meatus of the nasal cavity by way of the semilunar hiatus. - Anterior and posterior groups of Ethmoidal sinuses drain into the middle and superior meatuses, respectively - sphenoidal sinus drains into the spheno-ethmoidal recess superior to the superior concha. The sinus is divided into right and left parts by a bony septum.

25
Q

identify the branches of the cervical plexus

A
26
Q

Sympathetic trunk

  • cervical portion location
  • white communicantes?
  • ganglion
  • fibers
  • where do signals go to?
A
  • anterolateral to the vertebral column
  • no that is only in T and L
  • superior, middle, and inferior
  • ganglia receive presynaptic fibers conveyed to the trunk by the superior thoracic spinal nerves and their associated white rami communicantes
  • Cervical spinal nerves via gray rami communicantes; Thoracic viscera via cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves; Head and viscera of the neck via cephalic arterial branches (rami).
27
Q

Cricothyroid

B, N, A

A

B- cricothyroid from the sup thyroid

N- external laryngeal

A- stretches/tenses the vocal ligament

28
Q

thyroarentoid

-B,N,A

A
  • B: inferior laryngeal from inferior thyroid
  • N: inferior laryngeal
  • A: relaxes the vocal ligament
29
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid

  • B, N, A
A
  • B: inferior laryngeal from inferior thyroid
  • N: inferior laryngeal
  • A: abducts the vocal folds
30
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid

  • n, b, a
A
  • B: inferior laryngeal from inferior thyroid
  • N: inferior laryngeal
  • A: adducts the vocal fold
31
Q

transverse arytenoid

  • n,b,a
A
  • B: inferior laryngeal from inferior thyroid
  • N: inferior laryngeal
  • A: adducts arytenoid cartilage
32
Q

vocalis

  • n, b,a
A
  • B: inferior laryngeal from inferior thyroid
  • N: inferior laryngeal
  • A: relaxes posterior portion of the vocal ligament while mantaining tension anteriorly
33
Q

Label the larynx

A
34
Q

Label the muscles of the larynx

A
35
Q

Laryngeal cavities

  • what are they sectioned by?
A
  • Laryngeal vestibule; supraglottic cavity: from epiglottis to vestibular fold
  • laryngeal ventricle: from vestibular fold to vocal fold
  • infraglottic cavity: from vocal fold into trachea
36
Q
  • identify
  • how is nasal mucosa divided?
  • consequences of infection of nasal mucosa
A
  • inferior two thirds of the nasal mucosa is the respiratory area, and the superior one third is the olfactory area.
  • causes rhinitis which is swollen/inflammed nasal mucosa
37
Q
  • identify
  • why do you get runny nose when crying?
  • how can infection in the nose spread to the: eyes, ear, sinuses, arachnoid/pia mater
A
  • Tear ducts drain into nose and causes a runny nose
  • eyes: infections of ethmoidal cell s break through medial wall of orbit
  • ear: pharyngotympanic tube connects the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity of the ear; can cause hearing loss when the pharyngotympanic tube is blocked.
  • paransal sinuses are continuous with the nasal cavities because of apetures that open into them allowing for the infection to spread
  • leptomeningitis; infection spreads into subarachnoid space from fracture of nasal sinuses
38
Q

modality, body part, and view?

  • abnormality
A
  • water view of the sinuses
  • maxillary sinus muscousal thickening R>L
39
Q

modality, body part, view?

  • abnormality?
  • dx?
A

waters view

  • opacified L maxillary sinus
  • L maxillary sinusitis
40
Q

what do you order to see sphenoid sinuses?

A

CT

41
Q

imaging modality, body part, orientation and windows

  • abnomalities
  • dx?
A
  • CT sinuses/ coronal; L: bone window, R: soft tissue
  • allergic fungal sinusitis?
42
Q

Imaging modality, body part, orientation

  • abnormality?
A
  • CT sinuses, axial, bone window
  • bilateral sinus polyps L>R
43
Q

imaging modality, body part, orientation and window?

  • dx?
A
  • CT sinuses/ axial, bone window
  • bilateral maxillary sinusitis
44
Q

imaging modality, body partm orientation, window and pulse?

  • contrast?
  • dx?
A
  • L: CT neck, axial, soft tissue; R: MRI neck, axial, T1W
  • yes
  • R laryngeal carcinoma with nodal mets
45
Q

Acute Eczematous Dermatitis

  • subdivsions
  • pathogenesis
A
  • (1) allergic contact dermatitis, (2) atopic dermatitis, (3) drug-related eczematous dermatitis, (4) photoeczematous dermatitis, and (5) primary irritant dermatitis.
  • T cell-mediated inflammatory reactions (type IV hypersensitivity); reactive chemicals modify self proteins, creating haptens (neoantigens). The antigens taken up by Langerhans cells, which migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to naive CD4+ T cells, which are activated and develop into effector and memory cells. On re-exposure the memory t cells release cytokines and chemokines that recruit the numerous inflammatory cells, which occurs within 24 hrs.
46
Q
  • what is this?
  • what kind of reaction?
  • what would happen with radiographic procedure?
  • tx?
  • what would be seen histo?
A
  • urticaria
  • IgE mediated
  • IgE would not be involved, and contrast would directly stimulate allergic reaction
  • for IgE mediated reaction: glucocorticoids and antihistamines; for non-IgE mediated reaction: only glucocorticoids
  • perivascular lymphocytic inflammation, edema in dermis
47
Q

what is this?

A
  • acute allergic contact dermatitis
48
Q

what is this?

  • stages?
A
  • eczematous dermatitis
  • (A) Initial dermal edema and perivascular infiltration by inflammatory cells is followed within 24 to 48 hours by (B) epidermal spongiosis and microvesicle formation. (C) Abnormal scale, including parakeratosis, along with progressive acanthosis (D) and hyperkeratosis (E) appear as the lesion becomes chronic.
49
Q

what is this?

  • description
  • causes (4)
  • histo
A
  • erythema multiforme
  • self-limited hypersensitivity reaction to certain infections and drugs
  • 1) infections (herpes simplex, histoplasmosis, and leprosy, (2) exposure to certain drugs (sulfonamides, penicillin); (3) cancer (carcinomas and lymphomas); and (4) collagen vascular diseases (lupus erythematosus).
  • cytotoxic T cells are more prominent in the central portion of the lesions, while CD4+ helper T cell and Langerhans cells are more prevalent in the peripheral portions

Unit 4: SXS lab (6 decks)

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