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Unit 4: SXS lab > Week 1 DONE > Flashcards

Week 1 DONE Flashcards

1
Q

Subdivisions of the pharynx– boundaries

A
  • nasopharynx: chonae - softpalate
  • oropharynx: soft palate - epiglottis
  • laryngopharynx: epiglottis - larynx
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2
Q

anatomical location of each subdivision

A
  • nasopharynx: behind nose
  • oropharynx: behind oral cavity
    laryngopharynx: behind larynx
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3
Q

primary functions of each subdivsion of pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx: respiratory
  • oropharynx: digestive
  • laryngo: voice box
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4
Q

Arteries of the Pharynx

A

ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending palatine branch of the facial artery, descending palatine arteries, pharyngeal branches of the maxillary artery, and branches of the superior and inferior thyroid arteries.

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5
Q

Venous drainage of the pharynx -pharyngeal veins drain into

A
  • pharyngeal plexus on posterior wall of the pharynx -> internal jugular vein or brachiocephalic vein via the superior thyroid vein
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6
Q

superior cervical ganglion

  • where
  • function
  • disorder
A
  • level of the C1 and C2 vertebrae
  • contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to a number of target organs within the head.
  • horners syndrome: disorder resulting from damage to superior cervical ganglion causing inability of sypatheitc innervation to head which leads to drooping of eyelids and constriction of pupil
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7
Q

sensory innervation of pharynx is provided by

  • nasopharynx:
  • oropharynx
  • larygopharynx
A
  • nasopharynx: pharyngeal branch of pterygoid-palantine ganglion -> fibers from maxillary divsion of trigeminal nerve
  • oropharynx: glossopharyngeal nerve
  • larygopharynx: vagus nerve
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8
Q

pharyngeal lymphatic ring

  • location
  • formed by?
  • tonsils used for nasopharynx, soft palate, oropharynx. and layrngeal pharynx
A
  • around the superior pharynx
  • formed by pharyngeal (nasopharynx), tubal ( soft palate) , palatine (oropharynx), and lingual tonsils (laryngeal)
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9
Q

lymph drainage of face and neck

A

parotid nodes/posterior auricular/occipital nodes -> superficial cervical lymph nodes -> deep cervical lymph nodes -> right lymphatic duct/thoracic duct

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10
Q

inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

A
  • drains lymph from all of the head and neck and drains into the supraclavicular group of nodes
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11
Q

What relationship does chorda tympani have to the malleus and incus

A

chorda tympani passes between the malleus and the incus

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12
Q

What does the chorda tympani innervate in the ear

A

-branch of the facial nerve is responsible for innervating the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with the special sense of taste. -nerve arises in the facial canal, and travels across the bones of the middle ear, exiting via the petrotympanic fissure, and entering the infratemporal fossa. Here, the chorda tympani ‘hitchhikes’ with the lingual nerve. The parasympathetic fibres of the chorda tympani stay with the lingual nerve, but the main body of the nerve leaves to innervate the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

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13
Q

what does the pharyngotympanic tube connect in the face/mouth/nose

A

connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx, where it opens posterior to the inferior nasal meatus (Fig. 7.113). The posterolateral third of the tube is bony, and the remainder is cartilaginous. The pharyngotympanic tube is lined by mucous membrane that is continuous posteriorly with that of the tympanic cavity and anteriorly with that of the nasopharynx.

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14
Q

What is the function of tensor tympani? How is it innervated?

A

-muscle inserts into the handle of the malleus and pulls the handle medially, which tenses the tympanic membrane, reducing the amplitude of its oscillations. This action tends to prevent damage to the internal ear when one is exposed to loud sounds. The tensor tympani is supplied by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)

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15
Q

function of stapedius? How is it innervated

A

tendon of the stapedius enters the tympanic cavity by emerging from a pinpoint foramen in the apex of the eminence and inserts on the neck of the stapes. The stapedius pulls the stapes posteriorly and tilts its base in the oval window, thereby tightening the anular ligament and reducing the oscillatory range. It also prevents excessive movement of the stapes. The nerve to the stapedius arises from the facial nerve (CN VII).

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16
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A
  • resulting from anything in the external or middle ear that interferes with conduction of sound or movement of the oval or round windows. - People with this type of hearing loss often speak with a soft voice because, to them, their own voices sound louder than background sounds. - This type of hearing loss may be improved surgically or by use of a hearing aid device.
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17
Q

tympanostomy

A

persons with chronic middle ear infections, myringotomy may be followed by insertion of tympanostomy or pressure-equalization (PE) tubes in the incision to enable drainage of effusion and ventilation of pressure

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18
Q

How might fluid from the ear be flowing to the nasopharynx and causing a mild runny nose and post-nasal drip

A

The pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube) connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx, where it opens posterior to the inferior nasal meatus → i.e., fluid travels through the pharyngotympanic tube

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19
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

resulting from defects in the pathway from cochlea to brain: defects of the cochlea, cochlear nerve, brainstem, or cortical connections.

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20
Q

treatments for conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss

A

-Conductive hearing loss: hearing aid device - Sensorineural hearing loss: Cochlear implants → sound is received by a microphone and transmitted to an implanted receiver that sends electrical impulses to cochlea (stimulates cochlear nerve)

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21
Q

bony labyrinth blood supply

A

-Anterior tympanic branch (from maxillary artery). - Petrosal branch (from middle meningeal artery). - Stylomastoid branch (from posterior auricular artery).

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22
Q

membranous labyrinth blood supply

A
  • supplied by the labyrinthine artery that divides into three branches -Cochlear branch – supplies the cochlear duct. - Vestibular branches (x2) – supply the vestibular apparatus
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23
Q

where does labyrinthine originate

A

Aorta → brachiocephalic a. (if from R. side) → subclavian a. → vertebral a. → basilar a. → anterior inferior cerebellar a. → labyrinthine a

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24
Q

three symptoms that would be associated with a labyrinthine artery infarction

A

Loss of hearing, loss of equilibrium, loss of proprioceptive head positioning in space

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25
Q

Deglutition

A
  • process that transfers a food bolus from the mouth through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach. -Stage 1: voluntary; the bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth into the oropharynx, mainly by movements of the muscles of the tongue and soft palate. -Stage 2: involuntary and rapid; the soft palate is elevated, sealing off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus of food as the suprahyoid muscles and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating the larynx. -Stage 3: involuntary; sequential contraction of all three pharyngeal constrictor muscles creates a peristaltic ridge that forces the food bolus inferiorly into the esophagus
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26
Q

Foreign Bodies in Laryngopharynx

  • most likely anatomical location of the bone
  • imaging modality used to visualize the bone
  • structures at risk for injury
  • consequence of injury to those structures
A
  • pharyngeal recess
  • X-ray or CT
  • internal laryngeal nerve when swallowing and superior lateral laryngral nerve on removal
  • anesthesia of larygenal muscous membrane
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27
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

  • location
  • relationship to the tonsil
A

in the mucous membrane of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx

  • superior to the nasopharynx
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28
Q

palatine tonsils

A

collections of lymphoid tissue on each side of the oropharynx in the interval between the palatine arches.

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29
Q

tonsillar sinus

A

-between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches in adults

30
Q

Adenoiditis

  • description
  • explanation of symptoms
  • relationship to the ear
A
  • Inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsils
  • can obstruct the passage of air from the nasal cavities through the choanae into the nasopharynx, making mouth breathing necessary
  • Impairment of hearing may result from nasal obstruction and blockage of the pharyngotympanic tubes. Infection spreading from the nasopharynx to the middle ear causes otitis media which may produce temporary or permanent hearing loss
31
Q

muscles of pharynx

A
  • sup. pharyngeal constrictor
  • middle pharyngeal constrictor
  • inf. pharyngeal constrictor
  • palatopharyngeus
  • salpingopharyngeus
  • stylopharyngeus
32
Q

superior pharyngeal constrictor

  • action
  • blood supply
  • innervation
A
  • action: constricts pharyngeal cavity
  • blood supply: ascending pharyngeal artery
  • innervation: vagus via the pharyngeal plexus
33
Q

middle pharyngeal constrictor

  • action
  • blood supply
  • innervation
A
  • action: constricts pharyngeal cavity
  • blood supply: ascending pharyngeal artery
  • innervation: vagus via the pharyngeal plexus
34
Q

inferior pharyngeal constrictor

  • action
  • blood supply
  • innervation
A
  • action: constricts pharyngeal cavity
  • blood supply: ascending pharyngeal artery/ superior and inferior thyroid artery
  • innervation: vagus via the pharyngeal plexus and superior/recurrent laryngeal nerves
35
Q

Palatopharyngeus

-a,b,n

A
  • action: elevated the larynx
  • blood supply: ascending pharyngeal artery
  • innervation: vagus via the pharyngeal plexus
36
Q

Salpingopharyngeus

  • a, b, n
A
  • action: elevates the larynx
  • blood supply: ascending pharyngeal artery
  • innervation: vagus via the pharyngeal plexus
37
Q

Stylopharyngeus

  • a, b, n
A
  • action: elevates the larynx
  • blood supply: ascending pharyngeal artery
  • innervation: glossopharyngeal
38
Q

blood supply to the pharynx

  • branches and where they are from
A
  • ascending pharyngeal artery from external carotid
  • ascending palantine and tonsillar artery from facial
  • greater palantine and pharyngeal a from maxillary
  • lingual artery from external carotid
39
Q

Pharynx and cranial nerves

  • primary cranial nerves running near pharynx
A
  • IV: glossopharyngeal
  • X: Vagus
  • XI: spinal acessory
  • XII: hypoglossal
40
Q

Identify

A
41
Q

neurovasculature to the auricle

A

from the posterior auricular and superficial temporal arteries

42
Q

Identify on TM

A
43
Q

Identify anatomy of middle ear cavity

A
44
Q

Chorda tympani

  • what is it?
  • relationship with malleus and incus
  • innervation to ear
  • innervation to mouth
A
  • nerve that arises from the mastoid segment of the facial nerve
  • chorda tympani passes between the malleus and the incus.
  • branch of facial nerve carrying taste fibers from the anterior two thirds of the tongue, joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa.
45
Q

what does the pharyngotympanic tube connect

A

-connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx

46
Q

how is the pharyngotympanic tube opened?

A
  • levator veli palatini and tensor veli palantini
47
Q

muscles of ear ossicles

  • function
A
  • A: tensor tympani - pulls the handle medially, tensing the tympanic membrane and reducing the amplitude of its oscillations. → This action tends to prevent damage to the internal ear when one is exposed to loud sounds. N: mandibular nerve
  • B: stapedius - pulls the stapes posteriorly and tilts its base in the oval window → thereby tightening the annular ligament and reducing the oscillatory range. N: facial nerve
48
Q

URI to ear infection causing hearing loss

  • why?
  • treatement?
  • cause of runny nose?
A
  • Scarring of the auditory ossicles, limiting their ability to move in response to sound
  • tympanostomy allowing for drainage of effusion and ventilation of pressure → equalizes pressure
  • fluid travels through the pharyngotympanic tube into the nasopharynx
49
Q

Saccule

  • what is it?
A
  • specialized areas of sensory epithelium called maculae.
  • continuous with the cochlear duct through the ductus reuniens
50
Q

Utricle

  • what is it?
A

specialized areas of sensory epithelium called maculae.

51
Q

semicircular canal

  • contain?
  • function of crest– liquid
  • function of crest– hairs
A
  • ampulla which has an ampullacrest
  • sensors for recording movements of the endolymph in the ampulla
  • stimulate primary sensory neurons, whose cell bodies are in the vestibular ganglia
52
Q

conductive hearing loss

  • cause
  • symptoms
  • treatment
A
  • results from anything in the external or middle ear that interferes with conduction of sound or movement
  • speak with soft voice
  • improved surgically or use of haering aid
53
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

  • cause
  • tx
A
  • defects from cochlea to brain
  • cochlear implants when hair cells have been damaged–small external mic picks up sound and sends to implanted receiver which cends electical mpulses to the cochlea stimulating the cochlear nerve
54
Q

Arterial supply of the inner ear

  • artery supplies vestibulocochlear apparatus of the inner ear?
  • where does it originate?
  • sxs from infaction to the aforementioned artery?
  • difference from flocculo-nodular lobe lesion
A
  • Labyrinthine artery
  • Aorta → brachiocephalic a. (if from R. side) → subclavian a. → vertebral a. → basilar a. → anterior inferior cerebellar a. → labyrinthine a.
  • Loss of hearing, loss of equilibrium, loss of proprioceptive head positioning in space
  • Flocculonodular would likely result in bilateral deficits vs ipsilateral for labyrinthine a.
55
Q
  • what is this?
  • kind of gland?
  • function of myoeptihelial cells?
A
  • External acoustic meatus
  • ceruminous gland -> apocrine gland
  • contract and help expel exocrine gland secretion
56
Q

what is this?

  • layers?
A
  • tympanic membrane
  • cuticle, fibours, mucus
57
Q

what is this?

  • function
A
  • cochlea (blue): detects sound vibration
  • vestibule (red): detects acceleration, gravity direction, and static position
58
Q

what is this?

  • parts?
  • function of parts?
A
  • cochlea
  • helicotrema (Blue): the area at the apex of the spiral where the scala tympani communicates with the scala vestibuli where they function to transmit vibration of sound
  • modiolus (green): central axis of the cochlea; where the cochlear nerve lies
59
Q

What is this?

A
  • organ of corti
  • location of the hair cells which tranduce the vibration of sound into electrical signals
60
Q

what is this?

  • parts?
  • function
  • role of otolithic membrane?
A
  • vestibular apparatus
  • utricle, saccule, and three semicircular canals.
  • fibrous structure located in the vestibular system that plays a role in brains interpretation of equilibrium by determining if body/head is tilted and can determine the linear acceleration of the body
61
Q

what is this?

  • characterize the epithelium
A
  • nasopharynx
  • psuedo-stratified ciliated columnar
62
Q

what is this?

  • type of epithelium?
A
  • oropharynx
  • stratified squamous
63
Q

What is this?

  • type of epithelium?–in lingual and palantine?
A
  • pharyngeal tonsil
  • psuedostratified cloumnar ciliated
  • stratified squamous
64
Q

modality, body part, pulse sequence and orientation?

  • identify 4th ventricle and IAC….what is creating bright signals?
  • identify basilar artery….why is it black?
A
  • MRI brain, axial, T2 weighted
  • CSF
  • signal is void bc blood is flowing
65
Q

modality, body part, window and orientation?

  • identify IAC
  • which is normal?
  • dx for abnormal?
A
  • CT brain, bone window, axial
  • left
  • acute right mastoiditis
66
Q

imaging modality, weight, orientation, body part?

  • contrast?
  • abnormality?
  • sxs?
A
  • MRI, T1 W, axial, brain
  • yes, galidonium chelate
  • left acoustic schwannoma
  • left sided hearing loss
67
Q

imaging modality, technique, orientation, and body part?

  • contrast?
  • abnormality
A
  • MRI, T1 W, brain, coronal
  • yes, galodinium chelate
  • left acoustic schwannoma
68
Q

imaging modality, body part, orientation and window?

  • abnormality?
  • sxs?
  • dx
A
  • CT brain, axial, soft tissue
  • opacified L mastoid air cells and soft tissue mass in the external auditory canal
  • left ear pain and hearing loss
  • L external auditory canal lymphoma
69
Q

imaging modality, body part, orientation and window?

  • contrast?
  • abnormality?
A
  • CT neck, axial, soft tissue
  • yes, IV
  • R tonsillar abcess
70
Q

modality, body part and orientation?

A
  • lateral xray of neck

-

71
Q

modality, body part and orientation?

  • abnormality?
A
  • lateral xray of the neck
  • epiglottitis

Unit 4: SXS lab (6 decks)

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