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Unit 4: SXS lab > Week 2 DONE > Flashcards

Week 2 DONE Flashcards

1
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A
  • thymus and bone marrow - where lymphocytes are initially formed
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2
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes, the spleen, and diffuse lymphoid tissue found in the mucosa of the digestive system, including the tonsils, Peyer patches, and appendix - has a mantle and a germinal center
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3
Q

germinal center

A
  • filled with large lymphoblasts undergoing immunoglobulin gene recombination, rapid proliferation, and quality control.
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4
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes, white pulp of the spleen, tonsils, BALT and GALT

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5
Q

What is BALT, and GALT

A

Found in the wall of the respiratory and digestive tracts

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6
Q

What are immune/lymphatic systems two main functions?

A

· Immune response and recognition of self/non-self.

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7
Q

What are the two main components of the immune-lymphatic system?

A

Lymphocytes and stromal/accessory cells

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8
Q

What are the lymph node functions?

A

· Filters the lymph, maintain and produce B cells, and house T cells

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9
Q

What is the structure of a lymph node

A

· Consists of a capsule, a parenchyma, lymphatic vessels and lymphatic sinuses.

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10
Q

What is parenchyma of a lymph node

A

· The cortex and medulla

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11
Q

What is the deep cortex/paracortex

A

Area of the lymph node that houses T cells

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12
Q

What is the hilum

A

· Location of the efferent lymphatic vessels, artery, and vein of the lymph node.

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13
Q

What is the cortex

A

· Area of the lymph node that contains lymphoid follicles plus helper T cells and HEVs.

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14
Q

What is the outer/lymphoid follicle

A

· Area of the cortex that is B cell rich

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15
Q

What is the inner cortex

A

Area of the cortex that contains helper T cells and HEVs

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16
Q

What is a HEV

A

Postcapillary venules with a simple cuboidal endothelium that allows 90% lymphocytes to enter the lymph node.

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17
Q

What is the para-cortical zone

A

B and T cells interactions take place here

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18
Q

What is a primary lymphatic follicle

A

Contains inactive/naïve lymphocytes and dendritic cells, is found within the lymph node’s cortex, and has no germinal centers

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19
Q

What is a secondary lymphatic follicle

A

Contains germinal centers and a mantle and marginal zones

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20
Q

What are the medullary cords/sinuses

A

Contain plasma cells which release antibodies into the lymph

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21
Q

What are germinal centers

A

· Pale staining areas where antigenic stimulation of B cells takes place

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22
Q

What is the paracortex

A

· Location where HEVs are found

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23
Q

What is the thymus?

A

· Contains a cortex and non-partitioned medulla, and no germinal centers

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24
Q

Thymus before birth

A

thymus is fully developed

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25
Q

Thymus before puberty

A

When the production of T cells in the thymus is most significant

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26
Q

What is involution

A

· Replacement by adipose tissue of the thymus and T cell production decreases

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27
Q

What are thymic epithelial cells

A

· The difference between the stroma found in the thymus vs. a lymph node

28
Q

What is the endodermic 3rd pharyngeal pouch

A

Where thymic epithelial cells come from embryonically

29
Q

What is clonal selection

A

What thymic cortical epithelial cells do

30
Q

What is clonal deletion of potential autoreactive T cells

A

What thymic medullary epithelial cells do

31
Q

What is the blood thymus barrier

A

A layer formed by squamous epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes

32
Q

What is Hassell’s corpuscle

A

A landmark of the thymus, found in the medulla, and produces lymphopoietin

33
Q

What cells stimulate single positive T cell maturation

A

· The function of dendritic cells in medulla

34
Q

What are double-negative T cells

A

T cells found nearest to the subcapsule

35
Q

What are double positive T cells

A

T cells that express TCR and co-receptors CD4/CD8, and become receptive to peptideMHC complexes.

36
Q

What is positive selection

A

· T cells that recognize self MHC molecules (and self or foreign antigens) and survive to move to the medulla.

37
Q

What is negative selection

A

· T cells that recognize self MHC and self antigens (on surface thymic medullary cells), and are eliminated by dendritic cells and macrophages

38
Q

What is periarteriolar lymphatic sheath

A

· Where the T cells are found within the white pulp of the spleen

39
Q

What spinal level is the hyoid found at?

A

at the level of the C3 vertebra in the angle between the mandible and the thyroid cartilage

40
Q

laryngeal prominence

A
  • inferior two thirds of thyroid catrilage two plate-like laminae fuse anteriorly in the median plane -also known as adams apple
41
Q

Where does common carotid bifurcate?

A

level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage into the internal and external carotid arteries

42
Q

what forms the neck?

A

cervical vertebrae (posteriorly), hyoid bone (anteriorly/superiorly), manubrium of the sternum (inferiorly), and clavicles (anteriorly)

43
Q

Disk between C3 and 4 related structures

A

bifurcation of the common carotid artery

44
Q

C4 and 5 related structures

A

thyroid cartilage

45
Q

C6 related structures

A

-cricoid cartilage -beginning of esophagus -beginning of trachea -vertebral artery enters transverse foramen

46
Q

C7 related structures

A

-isthmus of thyroid gland -highest point of the thoracic duct

47
Q

Fascial layers of the neck order from anterior to posterior

A

Investing Infrahyoid m. fascia Pretracheal Buccopharyngeal Alar fascia & carotid sheath Prevertebral Investing

48
Q

what fascial layer prevents superficial skin abcess from spreading further into the neck?

A

Investing fascia, as well as infrahyoid and pretracheal fascia

49
Q

what is this?

  • trace the path of lymph
  • areas
A
  • lymph node
  • afferent lymph vessel -> subcapsular sinus -> paratrabecular sinsuses -> medullary sinuses -> subcortical sinuses -> efferent lymph vessel
  • cortex, paracortex, medulla
50
Q

cells in different areas of the lymph node

A
  • cortex: subcapsular sinus- APC, lymph with antigens, lymphocytes; lymphatic nodule- developing B cells
  • paracortex: T-cells
  • medulla: cords- T/B cells, plasma cells; sinuses- discontinuous endothelium and reticular cells
51
Q

difference between a primary and secondary follicle?

A
  • primary follicle does not have mantle and germinal center
  • secondary follicle develops mantle and germinal center in response to antigen stimulation
52
Q

what is…?

  • germinal center?
  • mantle?
  • how long do they last?
A
  • growth of activated B cell where it undergoes Ig recombination rapid proliferation and quality control
  • where naive nonproliferating B cells are pushed to the side when another B cell forms germinal center
  • 2-3 weeks; cells will be dispersed and secondary follicle structure is lost
53
Q

What is this?

  • made from?
  • function?
  • found?
A
  • high endothelial venule
  • cuboidal cells
  • allow lymphocytes from blood into lymph node
  • in paracortex of secondary lymphoid tissue
54
Q

What is this?

  • parts?
  • what do medulary thymic epithelial cells secrete? function?
A
  • thymus
  • capsule, cortex, medulla- lymphopoeitin which stimulated thymic DC to begin maturation of positive T cell to optimize negative slection and ensure tolerance
55
Q

What is this?

  • white pulp
  • how do antigens enter?
  • how are antibodies secreted?
A
  • spleen
  • follicle like structure that contains B and T cells
  • central artery and marginal sinus
  • directly into the blood
56
Q

Vertebrae

  • cervical, thoracic, lumbar; what do they share in common?
  • transverse process differences
  • differences in movements
A
  • consists of a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, pedicles, vertebral foramen, transverse processes, spinous process, articular processes (two superior and two inferior)
  • cervical vertebrae have a foramen in the transverse process to allow for vertebral arteries and veins
  • movement never occurs at a single segment of the column except for at C1-2; the whole vertebral column will move as a whole with small movements occurring at each level
57
Q

imaging modality, orientaiton, and body part?

A

lateral soft-tissue neck, c-spine xray

58
Q

modality, orientation and body part?

  • abnormality?
A
  • lateral x-ray of neck
  • retropharyngeal abcess and cervical spondylosis
59
Q

imaging modality, body part, orientaion, and window?

  • contrast?
  • abnormality?
A

CT neck, axial, soft tissue window

  • yes
  • none
60
Q

imaging modality, body part, orientation and window?

  • contrast?
  • anormality?
A

ST neck, axial, soft tissue

  • yes
  • retropharyngeal abscess
61
Q

imaging modality, body part, orientation and window?

  • contrast?
  • abnormality?
  • dx?
A

ST neck, axial, softi tisse

  • yes, iodine
  • well circumscribed water-density mass deep to the left sternoclediomastoid
  • left 2nd brachial cleft cyst
62
Q

imaging modality, body part, orientation and window?

  • contrast
A

ST spine, saggital, bone window

  • no
63
Q

imaging modality, orientation, body part, pulse sequence?

  • alignment of the c-spine
  • abnormal discs?
  • bulging discs?
  • herniation
A
  • MRI c-spine, saggital, T2 W
  • reversed cervical lordosis
  • discs between C 2-6 with decreased signal intensity
  • C 2-6
  • C 4-5
64
Q

superficial nervous innervation of neck

  • name the nerves, origin and what they innervate
A
  • greater auricular: from C2-3; sensation to external ear and skin over parotid gland, mastoid process and skin from mandible to mastoid process
  • lesser occipital: C2-3; skin of scalp, posteriorsuperior to auricle
  • supraclavicular: C3-C4; skin over shoulder, skin over neck
  • transverse: skin covering anterior cervical region, anterolateral skin of neck and upper sternum
65
Q

venous drainage of the superficial neck

  • veins forming the EJV
  • course to SVC
  • veins forming the bracocephalic?
A
  • posterior division of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein
  • EJV -> subclavian -> brachiocephalic -> SVC
  • subclavian and internal jugular

Unit 4: SXS lab (6 decks)

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