Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Unit 4: SXS lab > Week 2 DONE > Flashcards

Week 2 DONE Flashcards

1
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A
  • thymus and bone marrow - where lymphocytes are initially formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes, the spleen, and diffuse lymphoid tissue found in the mucosa of the digestive system, including the tonsils, Peyer patches, and appendix - has a mantle and a germinal center
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

germinal center

A
  • filled with large lymphoblasts undergoing immunoglobulin gene recombination, rapid proliferation, and quality control.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes, white pulp of the spleen, tonsils, BALT and GALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is BALT, and GALT

A

Found in the wall of the respiratory and digestive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are immune/lymphatic systems two main functions?

A

· Immune response and recognition of self/non-self.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two main components of the immune-lymphatic system?

A

Lymphocytes and stromal/accessory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the lymph node functions?

A

· Filters the lymph, maintain and produce B cells, and house T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the structure of a lymph node

A

· Consists of a capsule, a parenchyma, lymphatic vessels and lymphatic sinuses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is parenchyma of a lymph node

A

· The cortex and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the deep cortex/paracortex

A

Area of the lymph node that houses T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the hilum

A

· Location of the efferent lymphatic vessels, artery, and vein of the lymph node.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cortex

A

· Area of the lymph node that contains lymphoid follicles plus helper T cells and HEVs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the outer/lymphoid follicle

A

· Area of the cortex that is B cell rich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the inner cortex

A

Area of the cortex that contains helper T cells and HEVs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a HEV

A

Postcapillary venules with a simple cuboidal endothelium that allows 90% lymphocytes to enter the lymph node.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the para-cortical zone

A

B and T cells interactions take place here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a primary lymphatic follicle

A

Contains inactive/naïve lymphocytes and dendritic cells, is found within the lymph node’s cortex, and has no germinal centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a secondary lymphatic follicle

A

Contains germinal centers and a mantle and marginal zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the medullary cords/sinuses

A

Contain plasma cells which release antibodies into the lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are germinal centers

A

· Pale staining areas where antigenic stimulation of B cells takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the paracortex

A

· Location where HEVs are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the thymus?

A

· Contains a cortex and non-partitioned medulla, and no germinal centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thymus before birth

A

thymus is fully developed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Thymus before puberty
When the production of T cells in the thymus is most significant
26
What is involution
· Replacement by adipose tissue of the thymus and T cell production decreases
27
What are thymic epithelial cells
· The difference between the stroma found in the thymus vs. a lymph node
28
What is the endodermic 3rd pharyngeal pouch
Where thymic epithelial cells come from embryonically
29
What is clonal selection
What thymic cortical epithelial cells do
30
What is clonal deletion of potential autoreactive T cells
What thymic medullary epithelial cells do
31
What is the blood thymus barrier
A layer formed by squamous epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes
32
What is Hassell’s corpuscle
A landmark of the thymus, found in the medulla, and produces lymphopoietin
33
What cells stimulate single positive T cell maturation
· The function of dendritic cells in medulla
34
What are double-negative T cells
T cells found nearest to the subcapsule
35
What are double positive T cells
T cells that express TCR and co-receptors CD4/CD8, and become receptive to peptideMHC complexes.
36
What is positive selection
· T cells that recognize self MHC molecules (and self or foreign antigens) and survive to move to the medulla.
37
What is negative selection
· T cells that recognize self MHC and self antigens (on surface thymic medullary cells), and are eliminated by dendritic cells and macrophages
38
What is periarteriolar lymphatic sheath
· Where the T cells are found within the white pulp of the spleen
39
What spinal level is the hyoid found at?
at the level of the C3 vertebra in the angle between the mandible and the thyroid cartilage
40
laryngeal prominence
- inferior two thirds of thyroid catrilage two plate-like laminae fuse anteriorly in the median plane -also known as adams apple
41
Where does common carotid bifurcate?
level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage into the internal and external carotid arteries
42
what forms the neck?
cervical vertebrae (posteriorly), hyoid bone (anteriorly/superiorly), manubrium of the sternum (inferiorly), and clavicles (anteriorly)
43
Disk between C3 and 4 related structures
bifurcation of the common carotid artery
44
C4 and 5 related structures
thyroid cartilage
45
C6 related structures
-cricoid cartilage -beginning of esophagus -beginning of trachea -vertebral artery enters transverse foramen
46
C7 related structures
-isthmus of thyroid gland -highest point of the thoracic duct
47
Fascial layers of the neck order from anterior to posterior
Investing Infrahyoid m. fascia Pretracheal Buccopharyngeal Alar fascia & carotid sheath Prevertebral Investing
48
what fascial layer prevents superficial skin abcess from spreading further into the neck?
Investing fascia, as well as infrahyoid and pretracheal fascia
49
what is this? - trace the path of lymph - areas
- lymph node - afferent lymph vessel -\> subcapsular sinus -\> paratrabecular sinsuses -\> medullary sinuses -\> subcortical sinuses -\> efferent lymph vessel - cortex, paracortex, medulla
50
cells in different areas of the lymph node
- cortex: subcapsular sinus- APC, lymph with antigens, lymphocytes; lymphatic nodule- developing B cells - paracortex: T-cells - medulla: cords- T/B cells, plasma cells; sinuses- discontinuous endothelium and reticular cells
51
difference between a primary and secondary follicle?
- primary follicle does not have mantle and germinal center - secondary follicle develops mantle and germinal center in response to antigen stimulation
52
what is...? - germinal center? - mantle? - how long do they last?
- growth of activated B cell where it undergoes Ig recombination rapid proliferation and quality control - where naive nonproliferating B cells are pushed to the side when another B cell forms germinal center - 2-3 weeks; cells will be dispersed and secondary follicle structure is lost
53
What is this? - made from? - function? - found?
- high endothelial venule - cuboidal cells - allow lymphocytes from blood into lymph node - in paracortex of secondary lymphoid tissue
54
What is this? - parts? - what do medulary thymic epithelial cells secrete? function?
- thymus - capsule, cortex, medulla- lymphopoeitin which stimulated thymic DC to begin maturation of positive T cell to optimize negative slection and ensure tolerance
55
What is this? - white pulp - how do antigens enter? - how are antibodies secreted?
- spleen - follicle like structure that contains B and T cells - central artery and marginal sinus - directly into the blood
56
Vertebrae - cervical, thoracic, lumbar; what do they share in common? - transverse process differences - differences in movements
- consists of a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, pedicles, vertebral foramen, transverse processes, spinous process, articular processes (two superior and two inferior) - cervical vertebrae have a foramen in the transverse process to allow for vertebral arteries and veins - movement never occurs at a single segment of the column except for at C1-2; the whole vertebral column will move as a whole with small movements occurring at each level
57
imaging modality, orientaiton, and body part?
lateral soft-tissue neck, c-spine xray
58
modality, orientation and body part? - abnormality?
- lateral x-ray of neck - retropharyngeal abcess and cervical spondylosis
59
imaging modality, body part, orientaion, and window? - contrast? - abnormality?
CT neck, axial, soft tissue window - yes - none
60
imaging modality, body part, orientation and window? - contrast? - anormality?
ST neck, axial, soft tissue - yes - retropharyngeal abscess
61
imaging modality, body part, orientation and window? - contrast? - abnormality? - dx?
ST neck, axial, softi tisse - yes, iodine - well circumscribed water-density mass deep to the left sternoclediomastoid - left 2nd brachial cleft cyst
62
imaging modality, body part, orientation and window? - contrast
ST spine, saggital, bone window - no
63
imaging modality, orientation, body part, pulse sequence? - alignment of the c-spine - abnormal discs? - bulging discs? - herniation
- MRI c-spine, saggital, T2 W - reversed cervical lordosis - discs between C 2-6 with decreased signal intensity - C 2-6 - C 4-5
64
superficial nervous innervation of neck - name the nerves, origin and what they innervate
- greater auricular: from C2-3; sensation to external ear and skin over parotid gland, mastoid process and skin from mandible to mastoid process - lesser occipital: C2-3; skin of scalp, posteriorsuperior to auricle - supraclavicular: C3-C4; skin over shoulder, skin over neck - transverse: skin covering anterior cervical region, anterolateral skin of neck and upper sternum
65
venous drainage of the superficial neck - veins forming the EJV - course to SVC - veins forming the bracocephalic?
- posterior division of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein - EJV -\> subclavian -\> brachiocephalic -\> SVC - subclavian and internal jugular

Unit 4: SXS lab (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions