week 4 - disorders of childhood Flashcards
brain development - disorders identified by and critical periods
identified by - severity, duration, and degree of impairment
crirctical periods - gestation/infancy and adolescence
4 critical events at birth
-fluid to air environment and difference source of oxygen
-reduction in temperature
-change from continuous nutrient to discontinuous feeding
-change from sterility to environment full of pathogens
brain development - infancy
movement and vision areas develop first
brain growth goes from back to front
frontal lobes don’t finish development until early adulthood
early life stressors
natural disasters
death of a parent
maltreatment (abuse/neglect)
theories of attachment - Harlow
supplied infant monkeys with a cloth and wire surrogate
half fed by cloth half by surrogate
monkeys attached to the cloth monkey showing contact comfort fuels attachment
theories of attachment - Bowlby
-noted infants raised in orphanages showed higher risked of mental illnesses ‘
-show distress when caretakers leave but show pleasure when coming back
theories of attachment - Ainsworth
the strange situation - test to find out what kids are
-secure, avoidant, anxious, or disorganized attachment
attachment results
avoidant - aggressiveness in middle childhood
anxious - passive withdrawal in childhood mood disorders later in life
disorganized - personality and dissociative disorders
critical mechanisms
mirror neurons - fire when we do things or see others do them
theory of mind - inferring mental states of others
the social brain
social relations include
-face recognition
-emotional recognition - understand emotional context of circumstances
-regulating cognition - social understanding of others their relationships to us, a nd actions in social relationships
reactive attachment disorder (RAD)
diagnostic -
-consistent behavior of emotionally withdrawn towards adult caregivers
- a persistent social and emotional disturbance characterized by limited positive affect and episodes of unexplained sadness or irritability
-child has experienced pattern of extremes of insufficient care as evidenced -social neglect limited opportunities to form attachment
-often co occurs with developmental delays, prevalence - rare
disinhibited social engagement disorder
diagnostic -
-a pattern of behavior in which child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults - overly familiar verbally or physical behavior and willingness to go off with unfamiliar adult
- experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care
-the child has. adevelppemtal age of at least 9 months
-co occur with developmental delays
-prevalence - rare
-all evidence linked to neglect and features of disorder appear to be stable over time
Oppositional defiant disorder
-show anger and defiance, but don’t act aggressively towards others or destroy properly
-lose temper easily, argue with adults, blame others
diagnostic -
-angry/irritable mood
-argumentative/ defiant behavior
-vindictiveness
-common in families were childcare is disrupted and in homes with harsh, inconsistent, or neglectful parenting practices
conduct disorder
routinely violates the right of others
lack of connectedness
violates the rules of society
aggression, setting fires, harming animals
diagnostic -
aggression to people or animals
destruction of property
deceitfulness or theft’
serious violations of rules
causes significant impairment in social, academic , or occupational functioning
higher among males but different patterns by gender
treatment of antisocial personality and conduct disorder
parent child interaction therapy
-praise
-reflect
-imitating
-describing play
-using enthusiasm
(PRIDE)
multi systemic therapy - therapists coordinates messages from all parts of environment to build skills in family, problem solving
austims spectrum disorders
difficulties with social interactions, problems with communications, difficulty with behavioral processes, hypersensitivity
diagnostic -
-persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts
-repetitive patterns of behavior
-3 levels of severity (1,2,3) each one worsening
-smaller head size at birth but larger head size by age 1 and larger cerebral volume by 2-4 years
appear to fail to develop a theory of mind
-not caused by vaccinations
-tied to dysfunctions in social processing portions of the brain
the empathizing systemizing theory
suggests people with autism develop superior systemizing abilities of the brain
treatment of autism
the lovaas program -
establishes a teaching relationship
teach foundational skills
focus on beginning communication
adapt to child to school situation
ADHD
diagnostic criteria
-fails to give close attention or make careless mistakes
has trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities
easily distracted
forgetful in in daily activites
often fidgets
talks excessively
has trouble waiting for turn
several symptoms are present in two or more settings
symptoms present before age 12
2 dimensions - inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity
treatment for ADHD
stimulant drugs, biofeedback, cognitive/behavioral treatments,
learning disabilities
achievement is lower than expected based on achievement or intelligence test scores
no precise definitions of what constitutes a difficulty
diagnostic - inaccurate slow and effortful word reading, difficulty understanding, spelling, mastering number sense
intellectual developmental disorder
replace the former term “mental retardation”
-onset to prior adolescence, poor adaptive functioning, deficit in mental abilities
diagnostic -metal abilities with
-reasoning
problem solving
planning
abstract thinking
judgment
academic learning
deficits in adaptive functions
there is mild, moderate, and severe levels of functioning
genetic causes - Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome (producing too little protein)
biological causes - metabolic caused (phenylketurnia - an enzyme production problems lead to build up of phenylalanine can avoided by dietary restriction)
gestational causes - substances abuse, fetal infection, malnutrition
IDD treatments
community residential programs, behavioral techniques for basic functioning, training for caretakers, sheltered workshops
