Week 4 - Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are cultural beliefs?
The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived. They may also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death
What is symbolic inheritance?
The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about people, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. It is expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects, and sacred places
What are roles?
Defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behaviour, status, and relations with others. Examples include gender, age, and social class
What are gender roles?
Cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behaviour that distinguish women from men
What is socialization?
The process by which people acquire the behaviours and beliefs of the culture in which they live
What is self-regulation?
The capacity for exercising self-control to restrain one’s impulses and comply with social norms
What is role preparation?
An outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood
What are sources of meaning?
The ideas and beliefs that people learn as part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be valued, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individual’s mortality
What is the interdependent self?
A conception of the self typically found in collectivistic cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group
What is the independent self?
A conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedom, and individual achievements
What is broad socialization?
The process by which people in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression
What is narrow socialization?
The process by which people in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity
What is a custom complex?
A customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice
What is ontogenetic?
Something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice
What is meant by the term ‘secular’?
Based on non religious beliefs and values
What is social desirability?
The tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behaviour as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occured
What is preconventional reasoning?
In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, it is the level in which moral reasoning is based on perception of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments
What is conventional reasoning?
In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, it is the level of reasoning in which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others
What is post conventional reasoning?
In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, it is the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgements rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right
What is a worldview?
A set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed
