Week 2 - Chapter 2

Question 1

What is the history of the word ‘puberty’?

Answer 1

Puberty is derived from the Latin word puberscere, which means ‘to grow hairy’

Question 2

At puberty, the body undergoes a biological revolution that dramatically changes the adolescent’s ________, _________, and ______________

Answer 2

anatomy, physiology; physical appearance

Question 3

The _________ system consists of glands in various parts of the body

Answer 3

endocrine

Question 4

The glands in the endocrine system release chemicals called __________, which affect the development and functioning of the body

Answer 4

hormones

Question 5

Where do the hormonal changes of puberty begin?

Answer 5

The hypothalamus

Question 6

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

A bean sized structure located in the lower part of the brain, beneath the cortex.

Question 7

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 7

It has profound and diverse effects on physiological and psychological motivation and functioning in areas such as eating, drinking, and sexuality.

It also stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands

Question 8

What does the hypothalamus do to initiate puberty?

Answer 8

It increases its production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Question 9

The hypothalamus releases GnRH in pulses at intervals of about _________

Answer 9

2 hours

Question 10

The increase in GnRH begins in ____________, at least a year or two before even the earliest bodily changes of puberty

Answer 10

middle childhood

Question 11

Fat cells produce a protein called ______, which provides the signal to the hypothalamus to release the GnRh

Answer 11

leptin

Question 12

The increase in GnRH affects the ________ gland

Answer 12

pituitary

Question 13

What are the two gonadotropins?

Answer 13

The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 14

FSH and LH stimulate the development of ________

Answer 14

gametes

Question 15

FSH and LH influence the production of sex hormones by the _______ and ______

Answer 15

ovaries; testes

Question 16

The ovaries and testes are also known as:

Answer 16

the gonads (sex glands)

Question 17

In response to stimulation from the FSH and LH released by the pituitary gland, the gonads increase their production of the _______

Answer 17

sex hormones

Question 18

What are the two classes of sex hormones?

Answer 18

Estrogens, and androgens

Question 19

What is the most important estrogen?

Answer 19

Estradiol

Question 20

What is the most important androgen?

Answer 20

Testosterone

Question 21

Androgens are produced not only by the sex glands but also the:

Answer 21

adrenal glands

Question 22

What is ACTH?

Answer 22

Adreno-corticotropic hormone

Question 23

What is the adreno-corticotropic hormone?

Answer 23

A hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production

Question 24

From infancy onwards, a __________ runs between the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the gonads, and the adrenal glands

Answer 24

feedback loop

Question 25

What does a feedback loop do?

Answer 25

Monitors and adjusts the levels of the sex hormones

Question 26

What is a set point?

Answer 26

Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones to be reduced

Question 27

What is asynchronicity?

Answer 27

The uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty

Question 28

What is vital capacity?

Answer 28

The amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys

Question 29

What is cardiac output?

Answer 29

A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart; peaks at age 25

Question 30

What is health promotion?

Answer 30

Efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviors that put young people at risk.

Question 31

What is mikveh?

Answer 31

A ritual bath that Jewish Orthodox women are obliged to take a week after their period as a way of cleansing themselves of the impurity believed to be associated with menstruation

Question 32

What is the theory of genotype - environment effects?

Answer 32

Theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience

Question 33

What is the passive genotype - environment effects?

Answer 33

Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on children’s development

Question 34

What is the evocative genotype - environment effects?

Answer 34

Occur when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment

Question 35

What is the active genotype - environment effects?

Answer 35

Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics

Question 36

Hormonal changes lead to changes in ________ functioning and to the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics

Answer 36

physical

Question 37

The hormonal changes of puberty begin in the __________, initiated when a threshold level of _____ is reached

Answer 37

hypothalamus; leptin

Question 38

What is the earliest sign of puberty for both boys and girls?

Answer 38

The adolescent growth spurt

Question 39

What are the differences between primary and secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 39

Primary sex characteristics are related directly to reproduction, and secondary sex characteristics develop at puberty but are not directly related to reproduction

Question 40

Menarche effects occur when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in their _____________

Answer 40

environment